Cotton production in Ghana Essays

Cotton production in Ghana Essays Cotton production in Ghana Essay Cotton production in Ghana Essay Sustainable Local Economic Development in North-Western Ghana:An Appraisal of the Contribution of Cotton Production inSissala East and West Districts Introduction Local Economic Development ( LED ) have for some clip now remained an frequently cited sustainable development scheme or attack among development organisations and within national and local authoritiess in both the developed and developing states ( Nel, 2001 ; Rodriguez-Pose and Tijmstra, 2007 ; Meyer-Stamer, 2006 ; Patterson 2008 ; Rodriguez-Pose and Tijmstra, 2009 ; Rogerson and Rogerson, 2010 ; Rogerson, 2010 ; Hampwaye and Rogerson, 2011 as in Akudugu, 2013.pp. 8. ) Harmonizing to Bartik ( 2003: 1 ) , local economic development refers to the capacity of a local economic system to make wealth for local occupants. LED can besides be defined as a procedure in which several histrions function in synergism to plan and implement enterprises frequently geared towards exciting and/or revamping the local economic system with the object of bring forthing wealth for the local people. In the position of Blakely ( 1989: 58 ) , LED represents a procedure where local authoritiess or community-based groups or both manage their local resources either independently or in some signifiers of partnership battles with the private sector to excite economic growing and better supports. The function of the cotton sub-sector as a possible accelerator to economic development in Ghana can non be overemphasized. Cotton is an of import hard currency harvest to about 15 developing states most of which are found in bomber Saharan Africa. It accounts for about 40 per centum of export net incomes and contribute between 5 to 10 per centum to GDP in most of these developing states. In a survey, Goreux ( 2003 ) contends that, cotton has a strong poorness decrease impact because it is cultivated in little household farms in countries where chance for turning other harvests are really limited and per capita income is really low. Although cotton production in Africa is non important on a planetary graduated table, a big figure of African states remained to a great extent dependent on cotton. For case, cotton histories for 60 % of foreign exchange gaining in Benin. In Ghana, cotton production is upheld as holding the possible to advancing employment and diversifying the export capacity of the state. This is good recognized in the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda ( GSGDA ) policy model which aimed at â€Å"encouraging the variegation of agricultural production for the ternary intents of achieving nutrient security, increasing exports grosss and procuring the natural stuff base to back up industry† ( NDPC, 2010, pp. 38 ) . Acknowledging the polar function of the cotton sub-sector in the development of Ghana, aCottonSectorRevivalStrategy was necessary to turn to the debt crisis that bedeviled the industry in the late ninetiess. The GSGDA recognizes cotton production when it states ; †¦ .resurgence of the cotton industry to make occupations and heighten the economic system of the three northern parts. Consideration will be given to the possibility of utilizing portion of the oil gross to develop oil thenar in the South, best fibre in the transitional zone, and cotton and shea nuts in the North.( NDPC, 2010, pp. 39 ) . Similarly, cotton is the focal point of one of the trade good initiatives that have been developed in consonant rhyme with the Program countries of the Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan ( METASIP ) for the old ages 2009-2015. This notwithstanding, Salifu ( 1999 ) observed that the possible country for Ghana’s cotton production is about 500,000 hectares of which more than 80 % lies in the Northern portion of Ghana and is capable of bring forthing 200,000 metric metric tons of lint cotton with market value of about US $ 200 million. The cultivation of cotton has the potency of going a major hard currency harvest in northern Ghana as some put it, â€Å"the chocolate of the north† given the needed encouragement. Developing cotton as a major hard currency harvest in northern Ghana offers increasing economic wagess and has a better potency of cut downing poorness as it provides a beginning of employment every bit good as income security. Ghana’s cotton production had a twosome of good old ages in the early and late 1990aˆYs, with a record crop of 45,000 metric tons of seed cotton, but for the last 10 old ages, the production appears to be stable around 20,000 metric tons per twelvemonth. ( FAOSTAT, 2010 ) . Even though its portion in universe trade is little, cotton is of import to developing states. Cotton histories for about 40 per centum of export net incomes in Benin and Burkina Faso, and 30 per centum in Chad, Mali, and Uzbekistan. Its part to GDP in these and other developing states ranges from 5 and 10 per centum ( table 1 ) .Cotton and Developing States: Case Study in Policy Incoherence To detect the chances inherent in the cotton bomber sector in the part, there is a demand for forward-thinking policies and schemes at the national and local degree to ease and steer the procedure of resuscitating the cotton industry. PROBLEM STATEMENT The Sissala West and East territories hold a greater possible and a competitory border in the production of cotton in the Upper West Region and Ghana in general. The concern of this survey stems from the guerrilla, frequently sporadic and worsening production degree of cotton in the hitherto cotton- rich territories and part. Given the fact that the savannah conditions in these territories are good suited for the production of cotton, the subsector held a greater potency in the poorness decrease attempts of authoritiess over the old ages. Harmonizing to Philippe et. Al ( 2011, pp. 4 ) , the resurgence of the cotton industry is cardinal to the decrease of poorness in the poorer, northern parts of the state. The survey communities and the Upper West Region in general ; being the poorest in the state makes it more important to oppugn why much investing is non made to tap into the chances of cotton. It is nevertheless ill-defined what the causes of the dwindling cotton production degrees in the survey territories, the Upper West Region and the state in general could be but there are guesss that, unfavorable footings and conditions of the cotton bring forthing companies, unequal recognition to cotton husbandmans, unfavorable authorities districting policies, hapless coordination and regulative model for the cotton sector, infrastructural shortages among others are the major hindrances to effectual cotton production in the survey communities. This research attempts an appraisal of the part of cotton production towards sustainable Local Economic Development in North-Western Ghana ; placing and analyzing the extent of synergism among stakeholders in the full cotton- production -value concatenation. Research Questions In order to turn to the aims of this survey, the undermentioned research inquiries are formulated to steer the survey ; The chief research inquiry this survey seeks to turn to is:What is the function of Cotton Production Local Economic Development in North-West Ghana? Specific inquiries will include: What is the function of the cotton industry in Economic Development of Sissala East and West Districts? What is the function of NGOs in the development of the Cotton Subsector in the Sissala East and West Districts? What are government’s LED policy options that could excite Cotton production the Sissala East and West Districts? What are the effects of Cotton production on dirt quality and nutrient production in the Sissala East and West Districts? Research Aims In order to reply the inquiries raised in this survey, the undermentioned research aims are put frontward to steer the survey ; The chief aim of this survey is toInvestigate and analyzethe part of Cotton Production to Local Economic Development in North-West Ghana. The survey seeks to accomplish the following specific aims: Analyse the function of Cotton production in Economic Development of Sissala East and West Districts ; Analyze the function of NGOs in the development of the Cotton Subsector in the Sissala East and West Districts ; Explores government’s LED policy options that could excite Cotton production the Sissala East and West Districts ; Analyze the effects of Cotton production on dirt quality and nutrient harvest production in the survey communities Proposition This research is seeking to propose that, Cotton production has the possible to breed local economic development in the Upper West Region in general and the Sissala country in peculiar. This is premised against the handiness of big piece of lands of idle cultivable land and the suitableness of the savannah conditions for cotton production given the successes of neighboring Burkina Faso in cotton production under similar conditions. Delimitation/Scope of the Study This research undertaking will be limited to two cotton bring forthing territories ; (Sissala East and Sissala West Districts) in the Upper West Region ( UW/R ) of Ghana. The survey will besides concentrate on NGOs function in cotton production ; the activities of MOFA Development Units in the two territories ; cotton purchasing and treating units ; Cotton husbandmans Associations ; fiscal Institution in the cotton production value concatenation. Some best patterns in footings of LED schemes and cotton production will be referred to where necessary to impel an disposed appraisal of the constructs. Why the Study Areas Were Selected It is worthwhile adverting that, the rightness of this survey in the Upper West Region and its territories is justified by the fact that, whiles the part is the major manufacturer of cotton (the chief push of this survey )in the state and besides accommodates the biggest cotton ginnery in West Africa which is situated in the Sissala East District, the selected territories are more associated to cotton production than the other territories in the part ( RCC, 2001 ) . Therefore the part and the selected territories hold a high potency to back up an grasp of cotton production and Local Economic Development. Top 10 communities in the Sissala East District Top 10 communities in the Sissala East District Tumu, taffiasi, tutuo, banu -bassisian Dimajan Kong, kulfo tarsaw, vamboi, wuni Sakai Wellembelle Nmanduanu Nabulo Nabugbelle Bugubelle Kulfuo Sakalo Bujan DUWIE, GYAWIA Research Methodology Study Design This survey utilizes both qualitative and quantitative research designs. This assorted method design is deemed appropriate for this survey due to its built-in ability to explicate complexnesss in societal scientific discipline research through concurrent triangulation which allow for verification, disconfirmation, proof and documentation ( Green, Caracelli, and Graham, 1989, Morgan, 1998, Steckler, McLeroy, Goodman, Bird and McCcormick, 1992 as in Creswell, 2009 ) of research findings. For case, some informations collected from pupils and institutional Hall executives will be crosschecked with the Hall coachs, the Dean of pupils and the Assistant registrars for proof intents. Whereas the qualitative design will supply an avenue for depicting the lived experiences of the non-residential pupils over the old ages the Quantitative information will besides supply an drift for analyzing relationships between the family installation shortages, safety and general life conditions of non- resi dential pupils in Wa. Data beginnings and Types The information on which this survey is based are those derived from In this survey, both primary and secondary beginnings of informations will be utilized to obtain the primary and secondary types of informations. A combination of the two beginnings of information nowadayss an chance to corroborate some findings discovered in the literature reappraisal and other information used in the survey. Primary informations will be collected though Focus group Discussions with non-residential pupils, Household Questionnaire disposal with pupils and landlords, Interviews with institutional caputs in charge of pupil adjustment and Observation. Secondary informations will besides be collected from journal articles, authorities documents, institutional admittance statistical offices and national policy models associating to lodging and physical development in Ghana SamplingSampling process and informations aggregation Cross-sectional information was collected from 91 husbandmans during the 2011/12 cropping season through questionnaire disposal. Purposive sampling was employed in choosing eight communities in the Municipality based on their popularity in the By and large, Resource restraints, excessively big populations, Partially accessible populations and clip frequently make it hard if non impossible to analyze everybody making everything everyplace ( Miles and Huberman, 1994 ) . This frequently introduces the procedure of trying into societal scientific discipline research. In the sampling procedure, a proportion of the entire sampling frame is moderately and carefully selected for survey based on which intelligent and careful illations are made from the sample parametric quantities to explicate fluctuations in population parametric quantities against certain tolerable mistakes borders. Sampling Unit of measurement In this survey, informations will be collected from non-residential third pupil, Landlord/landladies, rent control, town and state planning section, third institutional offices in charge of students’ safety and adjustment and the Students Representative Councils. This classification is deemed necessary to ease an disposed apprehension and account of the postponing positions of non-residential adjustment. Sample Size. The sample size for this survey will be 315. This will be selected utilizing the tabular array of random Numberss after the differing institutional trying frames ( non-residential third pupils list ) have been obtained. Sample Unit Entire Non-Residential Population sample frame Selected Sample Individual Questionnaires University for Development Studies 97 Wa Polytechnic 89 Health Assistant Training School 68 Landlords/landladies 52 Institutional Military officers Rent control 1 Town and Country Planning Department 1 University for Development Studies ( VDoS A ; AR ) 2 Wa Polytechnic 1 Health Assistant Training School 1 Students Representative Council presidents 3 Entire Sample 315 Authors’ building, 2014 Sampling process For the institutional interviews, purposive sampling technique will be used since the informations needed from them for this survey are non heterogeneously distributed. For the general questionnaire and interviews, simple random sampling will be used. The tabular array of random Numberss will be used to assist cut down prejudices that frequently characterize sample choice. husbandmans having inputs from one company but presenting produce to a company that did non patronize them ; husbandmans doingmultiple enrollments with more than one company ; recreation of cotton inputs for nutrient harvests and even selling them on the unfastened market by husbandmans and some unscrupulous field staff. Data Analysis and PresentationData analysis is really of import. In its absence, all we could make is to construe our informations in an wholly subjective manner. Data analysis has the great advantage that it allows us to be every bit precise as possible in our readings of the findings we have obtained. Datas analysis sometimes seems hard, but it is a important ingredient in psychological research. Qualitative informations collected through recordings and FGDs will be transcribed and supported by some direct commendations from respondents. On the other manus, quantitative informations will be analyzed utilizing statistical package ( SPSS and Excel ) to set up crosstabs and other descriptive statistics. The chi-square goodness of fit trial will be used to prove the propositions made in this survey about family installation shortages from the sample on the population at 5 % degree of significance. Restriction A major restriction is that, much accent is placed on analysis of the effects of family installation shortages on third pupils keeping all other act uponing factors changeless. Mentions Addai, I. :Problems of Non-Residential Students in Tertiary Educational Institutions in Ghana: A Micro-Level Statistical Evidence,Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies ( JETERAPS ) 4 ( 4 ) :582-58, Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2013. Cresswell, J.W. ( 2009 ) .Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Assorted Methods Approachs( Third Edition ) . Sage Publications, London. Daily Guide intelligence: AMA Bares Fangs @ Landlords †¦Public Toilets Are For Pedestrians, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thenewcrusadingguideonline.com/index.php, Wednesday, 20 November 2013 08:20 Ghana Statistical Service ( GSS ) , ( 2012 ) .2010 Population and Housing Census. Summary Report of Final Results.GSS, Sakoa Press Limited, Accra, Ghana. Ghana Statistical Service ( GSS ) , 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) , Round 1-ID: DDI-GH-GSS-MICS-2006-v1.0, hypertext transfer protocol ; // www.statsghana.gov.gh/nada/index.php/catalogue/15 Masahudu Ankiilu Kunateh Ghanese Chronicle â€Å"2.5 bn people worldwide lack basic sanitation†, Modernghana General News,25 November 2008. Miles, M. B. , and Huberman, A. M. ( 1994 ) .Qualitative informations analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Thousand Oaks, CA,Sage Publications, London World Toilet Organization Rolling Rains Report: â€Å"We Deserve Better† , http/ www.rollingrains.com/world-toilet-day.html, November 4, 2008 12:24 Upper West Regional Coordinating Council, ( 2001 ) , the Socio-Economic Potentials and Development Concerns of the Upper West Region, www.ghana-help.ch/UWR.htm Goreux, L. ( 2003 ) Prej udice Caused by Industrialized Countries Subsidies to Cotton Sectors in Western and Central Africa: Background Document to the Submission Made by Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali to the WTO.† TN/AG/GEN/4, Geneva: World Trade Organization John Baffes,2003Cotton and Developing States: Case Study in Policy Incoherence:Trade Note 10.The World Bank, Washington, D.C. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldbank.org/trade

A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets

A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets A Complete Guide to Parentheses and Brackets By Mark Nichol This post discusses the functions of parentheses and brackets, which are used to set off portions of text from the whole for various purposes. Parentheses, almost exclusively appearing in pairs, are usually employed in the same manner as a pair of commas or dashes, though they suggest de-emphasis of the content within (as opposed to commas, which convey a neutral insertion of information, and dashes, which highlight the text between them). Parentheses, in addition to being employed to interject examples or a brief digression, enclose an abbreviation, acronym, or initialism or a translation, or a numerical equivalent of a spelled-out number. They also set off a cross-reference, as in â€Å"For more details, read the associated case study (pages 113–119)† or â€Å"Gene therapy is discussed briefly here. (See chapter 12 for more information.)† Parentheses may frame a plural ending to indicate that a word can be read as either singular or plural, as in â€Å"Enter the title(s) of the document(s) on the asset list,† or to allow for a gender-neutral reading, as in â€Å"Next, (s)he should consult with an adviser.† Note that one of a pair of parentheses is called a parenthesis. This term also pertains in general to setting text off from other text regardless of which punctuation signals the separation. (Two or more instances of parenthesis might be referred to as parentheses.) Text that is set off by complementary punctuation marks is sometimes (including often in posts on this site) referred to as a parenthetical phrase, or simply a parenthetical. A single close parenthesis is sometimes used in place of a period when enumerating, as in â€Å"The three types of rock are 1) igneous, 2) metamorphic, and 3) sedimentary.† (An open parenthesis is not used in isolation.) A few more guidelines about parentheses follow: Parentheses should not be used in immediate proximity to each other or within another set of parentheses; in the latter case, use brackets instead (or commas or dashes). Avoid including more than one sentence, or including an extensive sentence, within parentheses. Avoid situating a complete sentence in parentheses within another sentence. Avoid using parentheses too frequently. Consider employing commas or dashes instead, or otherwise revising text so that parentheses do not appear repeatedly in one piece of content. Parentheses framing text in italics, boldface, or another style treatment differing from the default text should not share that formatting, but should rather be in the the same type as the surrounding text. A complete sentence within parentheses should end with a period or other terminal punctuation before the close parenthesis, and the preceding text should be followed by terminal punctuation: â€Å". . . then it is fair game. (There are always exceptions, of course.)† If text enclosed in parentheses does not comprise a complete sentence and ends a framing sentence, the terminal punctuation of the framing sentence should immediately follow the close parenthesis. â€Å". . . then it is fair game (with exceptions).† Text in parentheses in the midst of a sentence is not punctuated, regardless of whether it is a complete sentence (unless the terminal punctuation is a question mark or an exclamation point), and the first word of a complete sentence in parentheses is not capitalized: â€Å". . . then (there are always exceptions, of course) it is fair game.† â€Å". . . then (with exceptions) it is fair game.† Bracket, in American English, refers to square brackets. (In British English, the term pertains to round brackets, or what in American English are called parentheses.) Brackets have limited uses, including adding contextual information within quoted material â€Å"She spoke to [Smith],† where the bracketed text replaces one or more spoken words to provide clarity (in this example, replacing the vague him) or to add a word or phrase omitted in the spoken or written quotation. Sometimes, the replaced word or phrase is retained, as in â€Å"She spoke to him [Smith],† but this unnecessary. when framing the word sic (â€Å"thus†), borrowed from Latin, confirming that in quoted material, an error or confusing wording is faithfully reproduced from the original text and not a transcription error, as in â€Å"The comment read, ‘You are definately [sic] out of your mind.’† (Note that sic is italicized, but the brackets are not.) parenthesizing within parentheses, as in â€Å"Submit form 13F (Petition for Appeal [formerly titled Petition for Grievance]) within thirty days.† (When possible, revise sentences to avoid this type of construction.) clarifying, in formal writing, that the first letter of quoted material is, the source material, in a different case, as in â€Å"[A]s you would have others do unto you† is the gist of the admonition,† where the quoted material is the second half of the original statement and, thus, as is lowercase in the source text. framing ellipses to indicate that a word or phrase has been omitted, although generally, the ellipses on their own are sufficient. modifying a quotation, perhaps for grammatical agreement, when partially paraphrasing, as when â€Å"I agree with his account of the incident, as improbable as it sounds,† is reported, â€Å"He said that he ‘agrees[s] with his account of the incident, as improbable as it sounds.’† Parentheses and brackets both have distinct functions in computing, linguistics, math, and science contexts that are not described here. In addition, similar symbols include curly brackets {/} and angle brackets , which have specialized uses not discussed in this post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Preposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Retaining key employees in times of change Coursework

Retaining key employees in times of change - Coursework Example During such instances, the organization must assess suitable strategies to retain the employees. According to the article, the retention process rarely works if the company uses money only to persuade the employees. Since the retention process is mostly directed towards the high risk employees or the employees that could lead to major impact if they depart, other measures must be undertaken to ensure that the continued working of the organization is guaranteed in spite of the changes. Some changes pose challenges that money alone cannot address. Prior to the transition, the line managers must work together in determining the employees whose retention is critical. Some of the factors considered in determining critical employees in retention include those who exhibit exceptional institutional knowledge, technical expertise, and direct relationships with the management. Specifically, individuals involved in departments such as IT, finance, as well as the administrative sector have uniqu e knowledge concerning organizational systems therefore qualify to be in the retention list. These individuals are usually difficult to replace. Once the list of critical employees is created, the management then prioritizes them according to available retention strategies. This is important since not all individuals would be persuaded using certain incentives such as money. This implies that specific employees have unique requirements and money may not fulfill them.

Human Capital - Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Capital - Benchmarking - Essay Example However, many of these benefits are dwindling within the United Airlines Company along with the number of satisfied employees. Talks of terminating the existing pension plans began in 2004. While the plan was highly supported by United Airlines administrators and investors, others were not quite as happy with the possibility. William Swelbar, president of Eclat Consulting in Arlington, VA, believes the investors would like to have seen the pension plans cut before they had to, as though they were letting someone else do their dirty work: â€Å"The question is, will employees be smart enough not to burn the furniture?† (Allison, 2004a). These types of worries imply that the company understands and acknowledges the sinking morale that can come with such a decision, and is considering making that decision despite this knowledge. Causing further distress among the employees is the ongoing arguments surrounding these terminations of the pension plans. Since announcing the possibility that cutting these plans would be the only way out of bankruptcy for United Airlines, several other companies and financial groups have fought with United Airlines regarding the legality of such a decision. The Labor Department, along with the union representing the airlines flight attendants, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp., and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, has filed objections to many of the events taking place among the administrators of United Airlines: some of these objections came about after United Airlines quietly removed three executives who were vocally against cutting the pension plans and named the airlines as the fiduciary. (Allison, 2004b). Although the airline has since named an independent fiduciary and made some payments into the pension plans, the amount of insecurity fol lowing such allegations is a cause of major unrest among the employees of United Airlines.

Literary Devices Essay Example for Free

Literary Devices Essay Alliteration Repeating the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. AllusionA figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, people, places, events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication. BildungsromanA type of novel concerned with education, development, and maturation of a young protagonist. Essentially, a Bildungsroman traces the formation of a protagonists maturity (the passage from childhood to adulthood) by following the development of his/her mind and character. Breaking the fourth wallAn author or character addresses the audience directly (also known as direct address). This may acknowledge to the reader or audience that what is being presented is fiction, or may seek to extend the world of the story to provide the illusion that they are included in it. An example is found in the film Ferris Buellers Day Off when the main character speaks to the audience by looking directly into the camera. Chekhovs gunInsertion of an apparently irrelevant object early in a narrative for a purpose only revealed later. See foreshadowing and repetitive designation. Cliff-hangerThe narrative ends unresolved, to draw the audience back to a future episode for the resolution. Deus ex machina (From Latin: a machination, or act of god)Resolving the primary conflict by a means unrelated to the story (e. g. , a god appears and solves everything). This device dates back to ancient Greek theatre, but can be a clumsy method that frustrates the audience. This has come to mean that a force steps in to save the day or a helicopter shows up just as the hero must jump off a building. EpiphanyA sudden revelation or insight—usually with a symbolic role in the narrative—in a literary work. First Person NarrationA text presented from the point of view of a character (esp. the protagonist) and written in the first person. Oftentimes, the first-person narrative is used as a way to directly convey the deeply internal, otherwise unspoken thoughts of the narrator. Occasionally this narrator can be seen as unreliable. In some cases, the narrator gives and withholds information based on his/her own viewing of events. It is an important task for the reader to determine as much as possible about the character of the narrator in order to decide what really happens. Important note: See page 4 for point form recap. Flashback (or analeptic reference)General term for altering time sequences, taking characters back to the beginning of the tale, for instance Flash-forwardAlso called prolepsis, an interjected scene that temporarily jumps the narrative forward in time. Flash forwards often represent events expected, projected, or imagined to occur in the future. They may also reveal significant parts of the story that have not yet occurred, but soon will in greater detail. This has been highly popularized by several television shows. ForeshadowingHinting at events to occur later. See also Chekhovs gun. Frame story, or a story within a storyA main story that organizes a series of shorter stories or a short story that is used within another to add meaning to the other. Framing deviceA single action, scene, event, setting, or any element of significance at both the beginning and end of a work. HamartiaThe character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall. HyperboleExaggeration used to evoke strong feelings or create an impression which is not meant to be taken literally. ImageryForming mental images of a scene using descriptive words, especially making use of the human senses. In medias resBeginning the story in the middle of a sequence of events. The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer are prime examples. The latter work begins with the return of Odysseus to his home of Ithaka and then in flashbacks tells of his ten years of wandering following the Trojan War. IronyThis discrepancy between expectation and reality occurs in three forms: situational irony, where a situation features a discrepancy between what is expected and what is actualized; dramatic irony, where a character is unaware of pivotal information already revealed to the audience (the discrepancy here lies in the two levels of awareness between the character and the audience); and verbal irony, where one states one thing while meaning another. The difference between verbal irony and sarcasm is exquisitely subtle and often contested. The concept of irony is too often misunderstood in popular usage. Unfortunate circumstances and coincidences do not constitute irony (nor do they qualify as being tragic). Readers note: â€Å"Isnt it ironic? † by Alanis Morisette contains several examples, but many of them are not ironic at all. JuxtapositionUsing two themes, characters, phrases, words, or situations together for comparison or contrast Narrative hookStory opening that hooks readers attention so hey will keep reading OverstatementExaggerating something, often for emphasis (also known as hyperbole) OnomatopoeiaWord that sounds the same as, or similar to what the word means, e. g. , boom or squish OxymoronA term made of two words that deliberately or coincidentally imply each others opposite, e. g. terrible beauty ParadoxA phrase that describes an idea composed of concepts that conflict. A good example occurs in the first sentence of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens: It was the best of times, it was the wo rst of times† (1). ParodyRidicule by overstated imitation, usually humorous, as in MAD Magazine Pathetic fallacyReflecting a characters (usually the protagonist) mood in the atmosphere or inanimate objects—for example, the storm in William Shakespeares King Lear, which mirrors Lears mental deterioration. PathosEmotional appeal, one of the three modes of persuasion in rhetoric that the author uses to inspire pity or sorrow towards a character—typically does not counterbalance the target characters suffering with a positive outcome, as in Tragedy. PersonificationUsing comparative metaphors and similes to give living characteristics to non-living objects. Plot twistUnexpected change (twist) in the direction or expected outcome of the plot. Poetic justiceVirtue ultimately rewarded, or vice punished, by an ironic twist of fate related to the characters own conduct Self-fulfilling prophecyPrediction that, by being made, makes itself come true. Early examples include the legend of Oedipus. There is also an example of this in Harry Potter. SatireThe use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices. Sensory detailImagery, sight, sound, taste, touch, smell Stream of consciousnessTechnique where the author writes down their thoughts as fast as they come, typically to create an interior monologue, characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that trace a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. An example is Ulysses. SymbolismApplied use of symbols: iconic representations that carry particular conventional meanings.

Sandro Botticelli: The Renaissance Artist Essay -- essays research pa

Sandro Botticelli, born Alessandro Mariano Filipepi, was the son of a tanner. He was born in Florence around 1445 and showed a talent for painting at a very early age. Botticelli was first apprenticed under a goldsmith named Sandro, from whom it is believed he derived his nickname. At the age of sixteen, he served an apprenticeship with the painter Fra Filippo Lippi (Durant, 1953). From Lippi he learned to create the effect of transparency, to draw outlines, and to give his pictures fluidity and harmony. He also worked with painter and engraver Antonio del Pollaiuolo, from whom he gained his sense of line. By 1470, Botticelli had his own workshop and had developed a highly personal style characterized by elegant execution, a sense of melancholy, and a strong emphasis on line. Botticelli spent most of his life working for the great families of Florence, including the Medici family. Botticelli’s name appears regularly in the account books of members of the Medici family, for whom he painted banners, portraits, and altarpieces along with paintings of allegorical or mythological subject matter. Likenesses of the Medici family are found in various paintings including â€Å"Judith,† â€Å"Madonna of the Magnificat,† and â€Å"Adoration of the Magi.† Apart from his works for members of the Medici family, Botticelli received many commissions from other prominent members of the Florentine society, including the Vespucci family. Botticelli first made a name for himself by his paintings of the Virgin and Child, and was given a public commission to paint â€Å"Fortitude† which was to be hung in the Trade law court. In about 1481, Botticelli, along with Ghirlandaio, Perugino, and Cosimo Rosselli, was called to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV to decorate the walls of the Sistine Chapel with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. Botticelli controlled the scheme and executed three of the frescoes. The large scale of these works and the attempt to include several stages of narrative in one composition were not fully mastered and remain confused and disorganized (Gowing, 1983). In his paintings, Botticelli retained enough objects and paid enough attention to the human body to create a sense of realism, but it is evident that he was more concerned with the spiritual presence of his subjects (Magill, 1989). Because of this, his subjects were less individualized in terms of their clothing or bodily st... ...rty. Sandro Botticelli died in 1510 after painting â€Å"Scenes from the Life of the Virgin,† The Last Actions of St. Zanobi,† and â€Å"Mystic Nativity† a few years earlier. . References Beckett, W. (2000, March). A meaningful life. U.S. Catholic, Vol. 65 Issue 3, 51. Bull, G. (1968). The Renaissance. New York: The John Day Company. Durant, W. (1953). The Renaissance: A history of civilization in Italy from 1304-1576 A.D. New York: Simon and Schuster. Gowing, L. (1983). A biographical dictionary of artists. New York: Facts on File, Inc. Magill, F. N. (1989). Great lives from history: Renaissance to 1900 series. (Vol. 1). Pasadena, California: Salem Press. Milani, J. (1996, March 7). Botticelli to Tiepolo. The Tampa Tribune, pp. 1. Moffat, A. (1999, December 6). A picture doesn’t tell the whole story. New Statesman, Vol. 128 Issue 4464, 53. Stapleford, R. (1994, March). Intellect and intuition in Botticelli’s Saint Augustine. Art Bulletin, Vol. 76 Issue 1, 69. Harden, M. and Gerten-Jackson, C. Botticelli, Sandro [12 paragraphs]. Retrieved March 08, 2001 from World Wide Web: <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/pain/auth/bottice">http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/pain/auth/bottice

Ethical Actions Essay

Was there anything in either the University Of Phoenix Student Code Of Conduct or the Student Code of Academic Integrity that surprised you? If so, what was it? Why were you surprised? If not, why not? There was nothing that surprised me about the University Of Phoenix Student Code Of Conduct or the Student Code of Academic Integrity. I feel that it is important to have rules and regulations that are enforced to keep the faculty staff and students safe and also provide us with a safe environment to learn. By insuring that these rules are enforced and imposing strict penalties for those that do not comply with these rules the University of Phoenix sets an example of fairness and equality. What did you learn about the behaviors considered important for an ethical learner or student in the University of Phoenix learning community? I learned that the behaviors considered important for an ethical learner or student in the University of Phoenix learning community is that being honest truly is the best policy; being truthful within ourselves and with each other is an important ethical mission; that a disruptive learning environment can make people uncomfortable and hinder our academics. Our different cultures and individualities should not become a factor in how we treat and/or respect each other. Rules are put in place at the University to assure us that we are able to fully become involved in the learning process. Being open-minded and listening to what others have to say is also an important aspect of respect. I learned that the ethical learners behavior deals with us being honest and as well as our character and how we present it to the world. Our behavior as an ethical learner also deals with our values and actions that we show every day.

The More Important Consequence Of The Printing Press

The most important consequence of the printing press was the spread of know welled. Knowledge is one of the greatest aspects of power. Before Gutenberg invent ion of the printing press, other things had to be developed first. Language, writing hirer glyphs, the alphabet and then printing. Scribes would write a book by hand from the dicta action of of a scholar. Most citizens were uneducated while few actually had an education. Handwritten books were more expensive and rare so only the rich could own them. But eve en the rich were not smart enough to read books.The methods of book making were much qua kicker with the printing press and made the books cheaper and it could make more books in less time. Document one shows a group of men making a book. With uneducated men I abort was cheaper which made the price of the book decrease a lot. Because it took less time to make books, many could be produced. Without the printing press it would take year S to complete only one book. Now with th e printing press and books spreading throughout countries people are becoming more aware of what is going on around them.People are also b economy knowledgeable. In 1 500 the printing press spread to lower regions were more people lived (DOC. 2). This reflects on the Church. The Bible was the first book to be mass produced. Two hundred copies of the twofold Gutenberg Bible were printed. People could d buy the Bible and they didn't go to church anymore.

Health and safety Essay Example

Health and safety Essay Example Health and safety Paper Health and safety Paper It is clearly stated under the section 25 of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act that employers must give their employees well maintained protective materials in order to ensure the safety of their workers[1]. In the case given, the foreman did not provide their workers protective devices, especially Miriam Siddiq in cleaning the tiles that contained asbestos which is very harmful to the health of the workers. The employer also violated section 26 of the Ontario Occupational Health and safety Act since he was not able to keep records regarding the handling and disposal chemical substances such as asbestos. The employer did not provide Miriam with the MSDS Sheet since he did not store it in places that can be easily seen. In short, the employer fails to keep the records of boxes containing tiles with asbestos especially during the times where employees needed such records[2]. Moreover, the foreman and the employer also did not disclose to Miriam Siddiq the harmful effects of inhaling asbestos. Furthermore, when I was already the one being asked by the foreman to clean the tiles and dusts of asbestos, I requested for a member of the Health and Safety Committee to know if whether the amount of asbestos available in the tiles are safe enough. But to my surprise, the member did not know anything about the harmful effects of asbestos. In the first place the employer must be the one to advice Miriam and the rest of his employees regarding the existence of possible harmful effects of cleaning the dusts of broken tiles containing asbestos. According to section 27 of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, it is the duty of the supervisor to know and inform their employees regarding the possible existence of harmful effects of responsibilities that they assign to their employees[3]. Section 38 of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act was also violated by our employer since the latter did not able to provide Miriam with a copy of MSDS Sheet. According to section 38 of the said act, it is the duty of the employer to provide their employees with unexpired MSDS Sheet and ready accessible every time in the working area to give workers a chance of evaluating such chemicals[4]. If those asbestos in the boxes are not harmful, then, there is no reason for the employer not to provide Miriam with a copy of MSDS Sheet. I believe that the employer did not give Miriam a copy of MSDS Sheet to avoid the latter from discovering that those boxes are really hazardous to the health After the refusal of Miriam to the said work being assigned to her by the foreman, the best thing that I should do is to request for another employee from other department to check whether the amount of asbestos in the boxes are harmful or not before reporting to the Ministry of Labor about the said violations of our employer on the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act and conduct the necessary investigation if really the our employer violation such act. Moreover, if my co-employee from other department also discovered that indeed our employers violated Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, then, we have the right to ask the employer to stop the said work. If my co-employee did not agree with my claim that there involves hazardous effects on the boxes of tiles containing asbestos, this is now the time to ask for an inspector to handle the situation. During the investigation, I can still do my responsibilities to the company but only within the perimeter of my working station until the said investigation is finished. There would be an inspector who would determine if whether our employer really violated the above sections of Ontario Occupation Health and Safety Act. Moreover, if the investigation is still pending for quire a long time, it is expected for me to remain into a safe place and the employer can only assigned me some substitute responsibilities only at the said moment of time.[5] Despite my legal issue with the employer, I am still entitled to receive my regular salary. Based from the report of the inspector, if the â€Å"Board† discovered that mere stopping of the work will not go to be sufficient to fully protect the employees from the possible health effects of asbestos they could assign their inspector to supervise the health and safety issue of the employer’s workplace on full time or part time basis depending on the degree of urgency. Moreover, I have only 30 days to file the case to make it legal and formal[6]. [1] An employer shall ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices as prescribed are provided by the employer and maintained in good condition; the measures and procedures prescribed are carried out in the workplace; the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are used as prescribed; and a floor, roof, wall, pillar, support or other part of a workplace is capable of supporting all loads to which it may be subjected without causing the materials therein to be stressed beyond the allowable unit stresses established under the Building Code Act. â€Å"Occupational Health and Safety Act,† e-laws.gov (2007) [electronic article]; available from e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o01_e.htm#BK18, p. 23 of 71. [2] In addition to the duties imposed by section 25, an employer shall establish an occupational health service for workers as prescribed; where an occupational health service is established as prescribed, maintain the same according to the standards prescribed; keep and maintain accurate records of the handling, storage, use and disposal of biological, chemical or physical agents as prescribed; accurately keep and maintain and make available to the worker affected such records of the exposure of a worker to biological, chemical or physical agents as may be prescribed. (ibid, 24). [3]   A supervisor shall ensure that a worker works in the manner and with the protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations; and uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn.(ibid, 25). [4] A copy of every unexpired material safety data sheet required by this Part in respect of hazardous materials in a workplace shall be made available by the employer in the workplace in such a manner as to allow examination by the workers.(ibid, 35). [5] An investigator shall investigate the refusal to work in consultation with the employer or a person representing the employer, the worker, and if there is such, the person mentioned in clause. (ibid, 42). [6] If the Board finds that the procedure for stopping work set out in section 45 will not be sufficient to protect the constructor’s or employer’s workers at the workplace from serious risk to their health or safety the board may recommend to the Minister that an inspector be assigned to oversee the health and safety practices of the constructor or employer at the workplace on a full-time or part-time basis for a specified period. (ibid, 46).

Cyrano de Bergerac Quotes - Edmond Rostand

'Cyrano de Bergerac' Quotes - Edmond Rostand Cyrano de Bergerac  is the most famous play by Edmond Rostand. The work is about Cyrano, a marvelous character who is witty, passionate and full of vitality. He is known for his big nose, which becomes a problem when he falls in love with his beautiful cousin, Roxane. Here are a few quotes from   Cyrano de Bergerac: What if she turns out to be a prudeor an intellectual? I wouldnt dare speak to her, I dont have the brains. The way people speak and write nowadays makes my head hurt. Im just an honest, simple, terrified soldier.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Hes famous for his longsword.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Cyrano de Bergerac, that specter, that paragon,That terror of trifles from Norway to Aragon,Both genius and monster, unique, unexplainable,He has every quirk and every virtue obtainable.His clothes? As outlandish as his personalityThree huge plumes for his hatTo hell with frugality!Bizarrest of all the birds hatched out of Gascony-Is your cause a lost one? Youve only to ask and heWill rush to defend you with wit and audacity,With valor beyond mankinds normal capacity,This dreamer whose vigor, whose kindness, whose verityAre great as his noseGod forgive my temerity!But truly that nose is the glorious cross he bears,Like some raging sardonic demons emboss he wears .Ive heard strangers cry, Waitand well see it taken off!But that mans nasal destiny cannot be shaken off!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1 Swine! Did I not forbid you to appear?!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1My nose is Gargantuan! You little Pig-snout, you tiny Monkey-Nostrils, you virtually invisible Pekinese-Puss, dont you realize that a nose like mine is both scepter and orb, a monument to me superiority? A great nose is the banner of a great man, a generous heart, a towering spirit, an expansive soulsuch as I unmistakably am, and such as you dare not to dream of being, with your bilious weasels eyes and no nose to keep them apart! With your face as lacking in all distinctionas lacking, I say, in interest, as lacking in pride, in imagination, in honesty, in lyricismin a word, as lacking in nose as that other offensively bland expanse at the opposite end of your cringing spinewhich I now remove from my sight by stringent application of my boot!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1My wit is more polished than your mustache. The truth which I speak strikes more sparks from mens hearts than your spurs do from the cobblestones.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1 Thus I toss my poor hat aside,And shrug off my threadbare cape,The crowds eyes are open wideAnd many a mouth is agape,As I take my sword by the napeAnd draw out its form so fineFrom which there is no escape,For tonight, Valvertyou are mine!Too bad that you chose to derideThis vicious old Bergerac ape(My teeth are as hard as my hide),Yet when you are dead I will drapeYour corpse with the finest of crepe,So that all know your taste was divine,Though you should have avoided a scrapeWith the masterfor now, you are mine!I must find now a sharp rhyme for prideYoure panting, youre red as a grape!Is that ardor or terror inside?What began as a lark, as a jape,Now concludes with a rout, with a rape,With your virginal courage supine,As a puddle on honors landscape-Turn around, little girlyou are mine!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Its a shame, sir, to alter a shapeAs refined, as expensive as thine,But, to spare you lifes endless red tape,I will edit youThere you are mine!- Edmond Ro stand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1 I know. I outnumber them, but I shall go gently with them at first.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Does it seem strange: a hundred cutthroats against one poor poet? It is not strange. It is a minimal defense, mademoiselle(Drawing his sword; quietly.)when that poet is a friend of Cyrano de Bergerac.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Youre a genuinely good man. There arent many of you left.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2His face is like yours, burning with spirit and imagination. He is proud and noble and young and fearless and beautiful- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2(Hand on the hilt of his sword.) I shall mortalize the lot of you!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2I would die at the stake rather than change a semi-colon!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2Do they? Those large empty machines which twist and turn in every gust of fashion?- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2Beware: they can gather you easily in their lofty arms and hurl you down to the gutter!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2 It is addressed to the bravest, the brainiest, the blondest, the most beautiful woman on earth! How could she think it was meant for anyone but her?- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2Youre not totally immune to me, are you? (Roxane smiles cryptically.) Why else would you concoct such a delicious revenge? It must be a gesture of love.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3Yes, it is perfect. Your white gown swathed in the blue-black mantle of night. I am only a voice, and you are a point of light. I may have spoken Beautifully to you in the past- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3Through the whirlwind which your eyes stir up inside me. But now, in this blessed darkness, I feel I am speaking to you for the first time.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3And what is a kiss, specifically? A pledge properly sealed, a promise seasoned to taste, a vow stamped with the immediacy of a lip, a rosy circle drawn around the verb to love. A kiss is a message too intimate f or the ear, infinity captured in the bees brief visit to a flower, secular communication with an aftertaste of heaven, the pulse rising from the heart to utter its name on a lovers lip: Forever.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3 Gods whiskers! Your face is hideous as the demons in my storybook!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3There. There is our soul. The same reed, the same fingers which have piped us into combat, call us softly home, in our thoughts. This is no longer the shrill call to attack, it is every shepherd who ever inhabited our land, whispering his sheep to fold. Listen. It is your hillside, your earth, your forestyour younger brother, suntanned under his red woolen cap. It is the green solitude of nights you spent beside the  Sordogne.  Listen  my countrymen. It is our country calling.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4You saved your life. At the expense of your honor.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4From the King of KingsLove- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4Oh, dont take it so hard. I drove into this madness. Every woman needs a little madness in her life.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4Remarkable. Youre as casual about death as if it were the  theatre.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4 She said, If you were ugly, I would only love you more.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4How obvious it is nowthe gift you gave him. All those letters, they were you... All those beautiful powerful words, they were you!...  The voice from the shadows, that was you... You always loved me!- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 5Ragueneau: Oh, my colleague - we laughed - we laughed-! Cyrano: Well, my greatest victories were won under an assumed name.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 5Cyrano: I know, you will leave me with nothingneither the laurel nor the rose. Take it all then! There is one possession I take with me from this place. Tonight when I stand before Godand bow low to him, so that my forehead brushes his footstool, the firmamentI will stand again and proudly show Him that one pure possessionwhich I have never ceased to cherish or to share with all- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 5

Critically analyse the approach to Knowledge Management at Tata Steel Essay

Critically analyse the approach to Knowledge Management at Tata Steel - Essay Example Knowledge management was defined by Davenport (1994) as a process of procuring, sharing and using the knowledge in an effective manner. King (2009) on the other hand made his approach in an organizational perspective. He defined knowledge management as planning, organizing and motivating the human resources in order to control the systems and processes in an organization to make sure that all its knowledge associated assets are efficiently employed to achieve organizational goals. Davenport (2005) explained that knowledge management has become very crucial for an organization to gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Knowledge is being considered as a commodity which is used by a firm in order to improve its product, services and operations process. Thus knowledge being an intellectual asset is increasingly appreciated by the organizations in order to ensure future growth and sustainability. Tata Steel first initiated the Knowledge Management process in the year 1999, with an aim to exploit the unused knowledge base in the organization. The company realized that the implementation of the knowledge management will bring about a holistic change in the entire organizational culture. The company established an archive, where all the employees shared their experiences, knowledge and individual process via the intranet. As a result it created a knowledge repository which allowed all the employees to have access to each other’s knowledge and experience. The repositories of individual department were connected to the parent archive, so that any employee irrespective of his department could have access to the huge database of organizational data. After a year of establishing the knowledge repository, the company decided to introduce knowledge communities. It acted as a public forum for likeminded employees where they could share individual experiences and participate in b rain