Fairy Tale Analysis Essay

â€Å"Fairytales are unique, not only as a form of literature, but as works of art which are fully comprehensible to the child as no other form of art is. † we were introduced several versions of Cinderella in â€Å"Damsels in Distress†. For generations, the Cinderella story had been one of the most popular fairytales around the world; there are countless modified versions of it. For this analysis, I chose â€Å"Cinderella† by Charles Perrault and â€Å"Ashputtle† by the Grimm Brothers and applying them to the ideas from the article, â€Å"The Struggle for Meaning†. The most familiar version of â€Å"Cinderella† in western society was the written by Charles Perrault in 1667, it was then later used by Disney for a children’s film production. The Grimm Bothers’ modified version of the story is mainly based on Perrault’s version with a little twist in it. In general, both of the stories share a similar story-line. A widower with his daughter (Cinderella or Ashputtle) was remarried to a â€Å"stuck-up† woman and her two daughters. The man’s daughter are Cinderella or Ashputtle, they were named by their stepsisters, and have been treated poorly by their stepsisters. It happened that the King of the kingdom had a son who was anxious to get married; so he gave a ball, and invited all the ladies in the kingdom to go to it. Cinderella (or Ashputtle) was invited, but her evil stepsisters forced her not to go. Cinderella (Or Ashputtle) made a wish to go to the ball, and magic happened, it clothed her in a beautiful dress, but it will only last until midnight. The Prince fell in love with her at the ball at first site, but Cinderella (Or Ashputtle) ran home, leaving only a glass shoe behind, because it was almost midnight. The prince ordered every woman in the kingdom to try it on, he knew he found the real Cinderella (or Ashputtle) when no other woman in the kingdom could fit the glass shoe but Cinderella (Or Ashputtle). The authors made the morals of Cinderella and Ashputtle very clear. The story of Cinderella had one simple moral, always be generous to people, Cinderella accepted her sisters’ apologies at the end of the story. Ashputtle had the same moral but told in a different way, Karma will always strike back; Ashputtle’s sisters’ eyes were pecked out for treating Ashputtle poorly. â€Å"Many parents believe that only conscious reality or pleasant and wish fulfilling images should be presented to the child- that he should be exposed only to the sunny side of things. But such one-sided fare nourishes the mind only in one-sided way, and real life is not all sunny. † In Bruno Bettelheim’s â€Å"The Struggle For Meaning†, Mr. Bettelheim talked about how fairy tales can be so effective at grasping children’s minds into the ideas and morals of the fairy tales. â€Å"A child needs to understand what is going on within his conscious self so that he can also cope with that which goes on in his unconscious. † Cinderella is a very â€Å"effective† story, just like children’s fantasy, the setting of the story is in a kingdom involved with kings and queens. The magic is a crucial part of the story of Cinderella; it turned the ordinary story into a fascinating fairytale. Most fairytales gives the reader a straightforward message to the moral. This way, it allows younger audiences to relate to the main character or the hero of the story to him or herself to understand the story, â€Å"The more simple and straightforward a good character, the easier for a child to identify the hero from the villain. † Ultimately, the message sent to the child from Cinderella is, â€Å"bad guys die, I don’t want to die, I want to be good. Another reason that fairytales are effective, â€Å"In fairytales, as in life, punishment or fear of it is only a limited deterrent to crime† â€Å"Deeper meaning resides in the fairy tales told to me in my childhood than in the truth that is taught by life† (The Piccolomini,III,4. ) Fairytales portray realistic views of human nature and struggles while incorporating enchanting fictional themes and characters, after all it’s this fictious fantasy sparks the reader’s interest, as they may find some valuable meanings of life from the tale.

World War Z: Movie vs Novel

Movies based on books usually sway away from the unique story the book tells and focuses on the target audiences that easily fall prey to horrible movie adaptations and World War Z is no exception. Hollywood movies are all about action and captivating visual effects in order to catch the simple minded viewer. There are many similarities and differences between the book and the movie. However, there are more differences than similarities because the movie is drastically different from the book.It is so different that some individuals would say the only similarity between the book written by Max Brooks and the movie directed by Marc Foster is the title, World War Z. Some key similarities and differences is how the US is portrayed, how society changes, and how the story is told. Paramount Pictures, a film distribution and producing studio, is an American business. How is this relevant? An American company wouldn’t go out of their way to make a movie degrading their country and in the book, they do just that.In the book, America is first portrayed as an overconfident country that could take care of the zombie apocalypse. Eventually, when the infected started over running cities, America decided to put a stop to it by taking defense. The US had state of the art military technology set up to fight off the horde however; the infected still was able to overrun the military. This event was called the Battle of Yonkers because it took place in Yonkers, New York (Brooks 92). After this, America is in shambles and public confidence in the government was completely eliminated.This resulted in the Great Panic, which was when the world realized the real threat of the infected. However, in the movie, America is the hero and the savior of the world. Gerry Lane, the UN interviewer in the book, who happens to be American, finds out how to save them-selves from the zombies. He analyzes that people with terminal illnesses are ignored by the infected and determines that injec ting himself with a deadly pathogen would be the best â€Å"vaccine† they had. The movie then shows how the American â€Å"hero† finds a â€Å"vaccine† and how the humans now can fight back.That is a truly stupid idea and was never even mentioned in the book. The only thing the book got close to mentioning a vaccine was when Breckenridge â€Å"Breck† Scott created the drug called Phalanx which was nicknamed â€Å"the African Rabies Vaccine†(Brooks 54). However, it turned out to be nothing but a hoax that was used to scare people into buying the drug in order to make quick and easy money. Despite the many greedy and arrogant things America did in the book, they still contributed to the world.They were able to create the Redeker plan which told people to go north (Brooks 121). Going north caused the infected to freeze and become immobile until the spring. They also eventually bounced back in the book but only to have a harsher environment such as mor e primitive punishments, a much more powerful president, and refugee camps. The United States in the book is powerless and broken but in the movie they are heroes of the zombie apocalypse. The infected changed so many aspects of society, some good ways and some bad.Zombie apocalypse or not, people will always take advantage of chaos and do greedy things. People looted, stole, and even killed in a greedy manner to ensure their own survival, ignoring others around them. However, there are people in the story determined to rebuild society that have good hearts. Roy Elliot is a good example of this. He was a very successful movie director before the war and people thought his skills were useless during the war.However, he was determined to find a way to help out humanity. A. D.  S, or Asymptomatic Demise Syndrome, was a syndrome that caused people to lose their will to live on because they thought it was hopeless to fight and Roy Elliot wanted to help people that had or was developing A. D. S by filming humanity fighting against the infected and winning (Brooks 159). He distributed those films around camps and the A. D. S cases were dropping fast. He was successful in helping society even though he had skills that no one thought would be useful. However, in the film, neither Roy Elliot nor A. D. S was mentioned.The only people that put effort into rebuilding are Gerry Lane, the UN, and all the conveniently placed characters that happened to cross Gerry Lane’s path. However, the film only took place within the Great Panic where the people had no information except that the dead rise and kill the living and Gerry Lane and his family are actually portrayed as people who have no idea what is going on and have to survive, just like others shown in the movie. In the film, there is a scene where Gerry Lane and his family go to the super market because his kid has asthma and they needed medicine.This scene really did show how society can break down in a matter of hours. A police officer is shown in the scene but was there for selfish reasons and the men that tried to take advantage of Gerry Lane’s wife through the chaos. However, through the chaos, Gerry Lane meets an armed teenager that looks he is hoarding the drugs but he actually is protecting the pharmacy from others that would use it for recreational purposes. By the end of the scene, Gerry Lane is able to get his medicine but the vehicle they took to the store had been stolen so they had to get to a highpoint in order to get rescued by the UN.He is then greeted by a Latino family that takes them in and gives them aid.. Even though all the selfishness shown in the movie the viewer gets to see news reports that show people cooperating and working together to get past the zombie apocalypse. Even though the movie showed it in a cliche way, both the book and the movie showed the good and the bad people of society. A huge thing the movie completely overlooked was how the book presen ted the story. The book is a series of interviews. Each chapter is an interview and is told in a first person perspective of the person being interviewed with some interjections by the interviewer (Brooks 1).The people that are interviewed are people from all around the world from different ethnicities to show the whole spectrum of the zombie apocalypse. On the other hand, the movie is all about one man and his journey to find the vaccine to fight against the infected. The movie watcher has a narrower perspective of the apocalypse because it shows the event through one man’s eyes rather than a range of people. The book shows how devastating the apocalypse really is and how all the different people reacted and dealt with the problems.The movie might’ve not been able to incorporate every single interview from the book but they could’ve easily included the significant interviews. Instead, the movie decided to use just one man to tell the story of the apocalypse. Th e movie kind of stretched it a little too far when they sent one man all over the world to show the state of the Great Panic in other countries because they could have easily done what the book did which was using different people from different areas and see how they experienced the apocalypse in their homes rather than a foreigner.Many people on web forums say the movie is a good movie if you don’t think of it as the book because Gerry Lane’s adventures provide the viewers with plenty of action. However, if the movie were to have most of even just some of the significant interviews the movie could have been more explosive and action packed than the movie could have ever been. People that go to see the movies expecting a great adaption of the book may leave the movie angry and betrayed.The movie completely butchered a book that had so much potential. The movie was trying to appeal to both readers and non-readers of the book but only appealed to the non-readers. The mo vie adaptation is a decent summer movie if you watch it either keeping the book out of your mind or you haven’t read the book. If one wanted to enjoy the experience of World War Z they should read the book and forget a movie ever existed.

Service Product Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service Product Analysis - Essay Example These factors might seem insignificant but when observed in depth, reveals the fact that they are capable of manipulating the level of satisfaction as well as the behaviour of a customer in a positive and in a negative way. Both the factors of behaviour and satisfaction isn relation to a customer hold huge importance in the service industry. Importance of Servicescape Servicescape is said to be the structure or the physical atmosphere that encircles the service. As the individuals present in this physical atmosphere also form and manipulate the atmosphere, so, the social atmosphere or environment is incorporated in the above definition too. A quite vital role is played by the servicescape in forming the expectations of the customers, differentiation in service, making easy the objectives of the customer along with the employees and manipulating the characteristic of the experiences of the customers. It is capable of manipulating the relationship objectives of customers who are import ant. It begins with drawing the customers to withholding and also in improving the relationship between the customer and the service firm. The appearance and structure of Servicescape assists in drawing customers towards the facility of the offered service. For instance colours, scent, signs and music could be made use to draw customers. After this the Servicescape would assist in providing experience to the customers and manipulate his or her level of contentment through the deliverance of the service (Swartz and Iancobucci 2000). Thus, it can be understood that servicescapes are not only a significant factor in shaping impression of a particular customer but is even a significant basis of fact while assessing along with the service organisation on the whole. It is quite important in the industry of hospitality where the customers interrelate along with the physical atmosphere compared to anything else. It implies that customers relate to the servicescape even before having an expe rience or understanding of the service. Therefore, it is a variety of environmental signs and physical elements which help persons outline a picture that is holistic regarding the whole servicescape (Donovan and Rossiter 1981) The Purpose of Service Environment Servicescapes which is also known as service environment narrates about the appearance as well as style of the physical environment along with other experiential components witnessed by customers at the sites of service organisations. For service organisations which discharge services of high-contact, the structure of the physical setting and the way in which jobs are carried out in the course of contact with the customers by the employees, together play an essential part in forming a specific corporate distinctiveness and outlining the characteristic of the understanding of the customers. This particular physical environment and its associated atmosphere have an effect on the behaviour of the buyer in few important ways. The environment serves as a medium of message creation by employing cues that are representational in order to correspond to the planned audience regarding the distinguishing characteristic and quality of the experience related to the service. It serves as a medium of attention creation in order to make the physical envi

Innovation at cirque du soleil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation at cirque du soleil - Essay Example This Circus has differentiated itself from its fellow circuses in that it added a touch of innovation in its entertainment services. Through this it managed to shift the traditional circus attendants from children to adults. This paper seeks to evaluate the external environment of Circus du Soleil by conducting a PEST and Porter’s 5 forces analysis of its circus industry. Potter’s five forces Analysis of External Environment This analysis tool is the most powerful tool of understanding where power really lies within the organization. A clear understanding of where power really lies in the organization enables an understanding of the current competitive position the company is in and the strength of the position it wants to move to. This approach assumes that five major forces that determine a businesses competitive power exist. In relation to the circus industry where Cirque du Soleil operates in, the following can be realized; the threat of new entry, power of supplier s, power of buyers, competitive rivalry, and the threat of substitutes. 1. Threat of entry There is a threat of new entry into the circus industry given the fact that Circus du Soleil has been performing well in the industry. Circus du Soleil reinvented the circus industry and through this it was able to create a new market space through challenging the conventional assumption that existed. This assumption was that circuses were meant for children. This company taught the industry how to compete by adding innovation by drawing strengths from the theatre industry, the opera industry and so forth. The new companies have seen how Circus du Soleil has made huge profits and amassed large customer bases and have been attracted to this industry. The greatest threat is that profitability and sales level for Circus du Soleil will decrease but on the other hand the industry’s competitiveness will increase. 2. Power of suppliers The suppliers to the circus industry have changed from the traditional wild animals, acrobats, and funs tuff for youngsters. The circus industry is seeing the use of more mature forms of entertainment to suit the older and high spending customers. The change in customer has called for a change in suppliers, for purposes of profitability of the industry. In addition the customers have fragmented to reduce their bargaining power. 3. Threat of substitutes This threat comes from alternative entertainment forms offered theaters, cinemas, and operas among others. Competition becomes intense when these services are offered at generally lower prices. 4. Competitive rivalry Competitive rivalry to this industry comes from the alternative entertainment services offered by theaters, cinemas, amusement parks, kid’s fun centers, and opera’s among others. 5. Power of buyers The revolution of the circus industry by Cirque du Soleil has seen the entrance of new buyers who are the mature and high spending adults. The traditional buyers were ch ildren and youngsters. This brood of new buyers has increased the profitability of this industry. PEST Analysis PEST refers to the analysis of the environment in terms of political, economical, sociological and technological manner. In relation to the Cirques du Soleil circus industry, the following can be realized; 1. Political aspect The current regulations do not

Efficient market theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Efficient market theory - Essay Example This information may make them perceive that a stock may rise or its price may decline and they may take decisions accordingly. Efficient market theory is of the idea that individuals within the market have similar information and rejects the idea that different individuals may have different information. This even means that the investor that first receives the information will benefit more than those who have received the information later. For example: some investors of the stock market receives information that the sales of Procter & Gamble have increased by 100% as compared to the figures of last year. As a result of this the trader may end up purchasing the stock. If the trader had received this information later as compared to other traders, then the trader may not have purchased the stock at the right price since other traders may have already purchased the stock and the stock prices may have

Challenges of Advance Planning in Care-Giving Assignment

Challenges of Advance Planning in Care-Giving - Assignment Example This assignment explores one of the most basic challenges in advanced planning as the misconception that it requires a complex legal documentation process. These make patients reluctant in engaging in the process. In such a situation, a patient may require some time to go and rethink the issue over and prepare for a discussion over the matter. It is necessary at this point to demonstrate the benefits of the plan to their lives and to family members (Laverty, Laverty, & Cindy, 2010). Initiating this program only requires patients to be thoughtful and engage the family in their discussions. Lack of awareness, State laws support advance directives in care giving for all individuals. Nevertheless, there is still no clear process and procedures to allow individual wishes to be known and be fulfilled at the appropriate time. Support studies sponsored by various organizations such as Robert Johnson Foundation in America reported that almost 75% of terminally ill patients do not like cardiop ulmonary resuscitation but less than 50% of their care givers know about this. Even if the patient had documented his preference, less than 42% of the cases are discussed by the actual care giver (Bumagin & Hirn, 2006). These bring lack of awareness as a strong challenge to the process of advanced planning. Denial is also a key problem in advance care planning. The society’s denial of death and dying puts patients in a situation where they cannot make decisions for themselves. These make them unable to heed waning of life just as we acknowledge the waning of birth. Denial about death makes people not to review life. Live in fear and uncertainty when these happens, the patient is unable to make clear directives of his health care preference. Confusion this is also a big challenge that affects advance plans in health care giving. Despite a strong desire for quality life and â€Å"good death†, many people worry about conflicting feelings within them. These conflicts arise from palliative care and doing whatever it takes to extent patient’s life. Research carried out by Regence Foundation shows that almost 50% of the respondent ascertained that emphasizing on palliative and end of life care options can interfere with the processes put in place to extent the patient’s life as long as possible (Bumagin & Hirn, 2006). This creates a misunderstanding of what to take as the best alternative. Majority of patients, who benefit from Medicare of all racial and ethnic groups, argue that in the event of a terminal illness with less than months to live, they would rather stay at home and die. They would not like to use life-prolonging drugs that have uncomfortable side effects to prolong their lives for a week or month hindering advance planning. However, various researchers like Amber Barnato, MD and colleges have discovered different distribution of end life preferences in different races ethnic groups. For example a research done between the whi tes and the blacks shows that more blacks are likely to die in the hospital compared to white.  

MBA Applied Managerial Finance 615 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MBA Applied Managerial Finance 615 - Essay Example have reviewed the report that it did not contain any false information either by omission or by misleading and that the financial statement fairly reflects the true financial condition of the company (www.soxlaw.com a, 2003). In addition, the signing officers must have also reviewed the internal controls of the company. Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on the other hand mandates that issuers are required to publish their annual reports â€Å"concerning the scope and adequacy of the internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting. This statement shall also assess the effectiveness of such internal controls and procedures† (www.soxlaw.com b, 2003). In the case of Apex Printing, they have only complied with the Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act which is the requirement to publish their annual reports and its attending internal control structure but it is not yet certified by signing officers that the financial information that they will publish is materially true and accurate. In effect, it is like making known the company’s financial information without ensuring its accuracy which is susceptible to misrepresentation if not downright unethical. The importance of being compliant in the Section 302 is not only to avoid criminal liability from regulatory agencies such as Security of Exchange Commission but also to become an ethical company. In an age of heightened public awareness against corporate malfeasance, it will not be right to skirt laws which are designed to protect the interest of the various shareholders of company from fraud. It will hurt the reputation of the company which has numerous repercussions from not being able to do an IPO to source external funding to non-patronage of its products or services in the market due to the suspicion of its customers that the company is a fraud. Considering the various repercussion of non-compliance to Section 302 of Sarbanes Oxley Act, that ranges from a) non-launch of an initial public

Human Freedom and the News Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Freedom and the News - Assignment Example Existentialism proposes that human acts in their own capacity, therefore abortion should be a personal decision that should occur or not occur without external influence. On the other hand, libertarianism establishes that liberty is the ultimate political end, therefore the government and the state should not be existent so that they are able to regulate abortion. Existentialism and libertarianism are two philosophical theories that attempts to explain human behavior. These theories can be applied in understanding why some individuals prefer the pro-life option while others are inclined to the pro-choice. Existentialism has a historical perspective; it was developed by Jean-Paul Satre and was identified with a certain cultural group in the Europe. The theory upholds the view that the philosophical thoughts of an individual starts with the person himself (Webber, n.d). There is a common consensus among some of the theorists that it is an individual that provides a meaning to life. On the other hand, libertarianism maintains that liberty is should be the ultimate political end. The theory emphasizes on the fundamental political freedom, the ability to associate independently and liberty as an individual. The theory proposes an empirical liberty where an individual has the sole mandate of doing, as they will. The theory takes two perspectives, i n the strictest way, it is proposed that individuals own themselves fully and have the moral rights to have external things (Institute for Humane Studies, George Mason University, 2014). In his article, Why progressives should oppose abortion, Christopher Hale is of the idea that human beings have their individuality but the right to life should be considered. He is inclined to the existentialism view that, the overall existence of a human being is the most important thing. He explores the reasons why he thinks that conception is the beginning of life. He continues to argue

You have to read the article and follow the uplode this question Assignment

You have to read the article and follow the uplode this question - Assignment Example The reference to the book Prototype of Japanese Architecture, provides fair mean of support to Reynolds’s view of legitimate claim of hierarchy by Japanese modernist. Thus, the association of Shinto shrine in Ise as a symbolic representation of imperial religious place turned into an architectural beauty for meditation; provides relevance when one observes the prevailing atheist culture of Japan. The inaccessibility to sight Shinto Shrine, made it more valuable in the political and cultural circle. Therefore, the exposure of its interior revolutionized its radiance in the political and social context and thus, it became more of a community service institute rather than a spiritual place of sanctuary. The captivating cohesive information engages the reader to read further to unravel the truth behind the change in status of the shrine. The description of modernist claims of discourse and author’s view on them regarding the significance of Japanese architectural standardization, in accord to the emerging traditions is a little confusing to comprehend ( Reynolds, p 316). Visualizing the shrines in terms of historical legacy made the article more interesting and profound. If one reads the article by keeping the past alive in their minds, it’s easy to process the change in prominence of the shrines. These historical monuments embark their significance one way or the other. Some remember them as the place where only elite class was allowed to worship and people were valued on the bases of cast and wealth. And yet, for some it has established foundation of prevailing traditions. Absorbing the details of this meticulous piece of document helped me grasp the true essence of the

Athletics and the Effect on Academics Essay Example for Free

Athletics and the Effect on Academics Essay The purpose of this research proposal is to determine if extracurricular activities such as sports has a positive or negative affect on junior high student’s academic achievement. I will discuss past research that has been conducted and their results as well articles written on the topic. I will also discuss my research method and how it will be implemented in order to see how previous research compares to my school. This research will be conducted with students in the 6th through the 8th grade. As a teacher and a coach I have wondered if there is any correlation between students academic success while they were part of a sports program. I know that as a former student-athlete in junior high and high school I was motivated to maintain a certain grade level in order to participate in any type of sport. I recently attended my son’s parent meeting for his freshman basketball team and learned that according to IHSA rules a student can fail two classes and still participate in their sport. That is a topic of discussion for another time but it did spark my curiosity to see if my students at the junior high level worked harder to stay eligible during their sport season and not so hard during their off –season. It should be stated that at my school a student has to maintain a 70% to participate and this is checked on a weekly basis. It would seem that ever since sports has become part of our schools environment there has been a debate about the effects of athletic participation on academic achievement. I believe now more than ever it has become a more relevant issue because of the budget restraints in our country’s schools. The school boards often find it easy to cut athletic programs because they do not see the value it has in the academic arena. It is important for our administrators to know these effects of athletics on academics before they would decide to cut or retain these athletic programs. This particular research proposal would focus on junior high students that are both male and female at J. W. Eater in Rantoul Illinois. Our demographics are about evenly split between both Caucasian and African American students, the African American student being slight higher, with a smaller percent of Hispanics. It should also be noted that there are a high number, close to 80%, of these students whose families fall below the poverty line; therefore there is a high number of kids that are on the free or reduced lunch plan. In addition to the research that will be conducted at Eater Junior High there will also be some information from other articles and studies that have been done in research journals. I feel these articles and studies will provide a clearer picture as to the positive effect of athletic participation and academic achievement. I found an article that supports the theory that athletic participation can help at-risk students and other students who have academic problems. Since we have several at-risk students because of our demographics in Rantoul this article seem to relate. In this article it states that educators believe that athletic participation reduces the chance of school dropout by approximately forty percent. It argues that extracurricular participation decreases this chance because it gives those at-risk students a chance to create positive connections to the school system. Involvement in these activities was perceived by educators to support these at-risk students by maintaining, enhancing and strengthening the student to school connection (Holloway, J. H. 2000). Although we don’t have the dropout problem as say our high school, athletics is a connection to the next level of education and can provide motivation to stay in school. A research article I found that involves using a questionnaire, as I intend to use with my research proposal, measures academic achievement between athletes and non-athletes on the 8th grade level (Stegman, M. Stephens, L. 2000). Both the athletes and the non-athletes were invited to participate and each was provided with a questionnaire. Both groups also gave the researchers permission to view their academic scores. They found that the results showed the students who participated in sports had the higher academic scores versus those who chose not to participate in sports. Although the sample size wasn’t that large the results tend to lean in favor of athletics enforcing academics. Another case I found was interesting in that it examined over 25,000 students along with their teachers and parents (Jordan, W. 1999). The research’s author, Will Jordan, shows how the results point out that African American students have a higher rate of academic achievement as a whole when they are in involved in extracurricular activities such as sports. The only draw back to this research is that it only involves African Americans, however Mr.  Jordon does note that previous research did show similar results for other races that were researched. The majority of its data is received from the National Educational Longitudinal Study, and this is used to measure the data against a system that is already in place to decide how effective extracurricular activities are to a student’s academic success. Another case that was conducted by Thomas Herbert centers on the study of 8 different student athletes that had been identified as gifted in junior high for 120 days (Herbert, T. 1995). As my own son was in the gifted program this was also an interesting study. By observing and using questionnaires, and looking at their academic scores, the conclusion Mr. Herbert came to was that they all had a strong academic record along with positive self-esteem. Mr. Herbert’s rationale is that they gained these positive attributes through their involvement in playing competitive sports. Just like in Mr. Jordon’s research, Mr. Herbert’s research also had limitations. In this case these students were from the inner city, therefore it would not be an accurate example of society as a whole or in comparison to J.  W. Eater. These are three research cases that weigh in favor of athletics helping promote academics. However in order to be able to conduct a research proposal that is fair you have to look at both sides and there are some articles that shows some negative correlations between academics and sports. One such article was written by Mr. Glenn Cook that is based on his prior experiences working with student athletes. Mr. Cook suggests that today’s society has placed more emphasis on athletics than they do academics (Cook, G. 2003). He feels because of this shift, students are not having the academic success they would otherwise had if athletics wasn’t involved. He feel that the students are not being pushed to achieve the most from their academics because they are being given a â€Å"pass† so to speak because of the time involved with their particular sport. A Mr. William Bainbridge writes a similar article taking the stance that athletics is hindering the academic part of school (Bainbridge, W. 2004). His point of view is that the culture is so enamored with the likes of athletes such as Kobe Bryant or Dwight Howard who skip college and go straight to the NBA. He feels this is a deterrent for the kid who wants to go to college and graduate. Although I see the points in both Mr. Cook and Mr. Bainbridge opinions, they are just that, an opinion. An actual research article that helps support their opinion was conducted by Ms. Leah Bucknavage and a Mr. Frank Worrell where their research shows a negative correlation between athletics and academics (Bucknavage, L. Worrell, F. 2005). The research indicated that some students who participated in an intramural sport actually showed a decline in academic achievement. It should be noted that a limitation to this research is that it is based on an intramural sport as opposed to a regular sports team that requires tryouts in order to make the team and participate which requires more time and commitment. Within the majority of research I found supporting the positive effects between athletics and academics, it could easily be argued that athletics helps promote academic achievement in students. Through my research proposal I would hope to find that my results held with the status quo. In my research proposal I will be using student questionnaires as this seems to a popular method used by other researcher into this topic. I would also be looking at the student’s grades in all subject areas pre and post their participation in their sport, along with their ISAT scores from when the started participating as early as the 6th grade through their 8th grade career. I would want to see, at the minimum, that their grades were passing and consistent over this period of time. I plan on looking at J. W. Eater junior high on a grade-by-grade level. The esearch will be done in the form of questionnaires for each grade that the students will have to fill out themselves. The survey instrument used in this research will be designed to determine whether or not the activities that junior high students choose have an effect on their academic achievement and will be based on a four point Likert-scale, with 1 meaning â€Å"I agree;† 2 meaning â€Å"I somewhat agree;† 3 meaning â€Å"I somewhat disagree;† and 4 meaning, â€Å"I disagree;†. A personal data sheet that also request demographic data will be included along with the survey. These demographic answers will be reported in percentages and charts. The questions in the non-demographic part of the survey will generally be about their attitudes towards school and learning in general. They will also be asked if they currently play, have played or plan on playing a sport in junior high. The questionnaire will see if there is a correlation between participating in athletics and their expectation of themselves. Because the questionnaire will have both convergent and divergent questions I will be able to get a better result as to the correlation of athletic participation and the self-expectations. Their current grades and ISAT scores will also be recorded. The goal is to compare the scores, both pre and post, and questionnaire results with those of the non-extracurricular participant and see if the data supports the hypothesis that athletics promotes academics. As a potential future administrator this is information that I would like to have access to in my potential school in order to determine the value of sports or extracurricular activities. Although I feel there is a positive correlation between sports and academics, I have to put the educational part of school first and foremost. If I were to see that the academic part of my students schooling is being affected by extracurricular activities then I would have to make adjustment to those activities. This could be done in cutting an activity altogether or creating other opportunities to help the student-athlete be successful. I think this project has reinforced my belief that if set up properly within the school environment, then there is a positive correlation between extracurricular activities and academics. I think its up to each administrator to do what is in the best interest for his or her school and students.

Literature Review of Race and Racism

Literature Review of Race and Racism Yahaya, A., Ing, T. C., Lee, G. M., Yahaya, N., Boon, Y., Hashim, S., Taat, S. (2012). The impact of workplace bullying on work. Archives Des Sciences, 65(4), 18-28. In this investigation, a quantitative approach examined the problem of workplace bullying from a theoretical viewpoint. This study reviewed the relationship between workplace intimidation and employees work performance. The Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) consisted of 22-item of the harmful actions, with variances related to bullying and work-related harassment. Data was accumulated from 217 employees from an ASEAN region. The employees worked in a plastic manufacturing company. The reliability analysis for workplace bullying was .923 and job performance was 0.836. The data analysis by SPSS 16.0 uncovered that there was a significant positive relationship between workplace bullying and towards job performance. The outcomes showed that the three predictor factors accounted 51% increase in work performance. The research also uncovered that the person related bullying was prognosticated as an active contributor toward job performance. A predictor model was assembled through an analysi s of multiple regression analysis. Numerous suggestions were presented to manufacturing, managers, and leaders that some additional plans can be carried out to generate a safe environment for the employees to produce an excellent work performance. The study contributed a new idea in the research of management by opening up discussion on the importance of employee participation in producing a perfect job performance. This fact that statistically there is correlations and regression that workplace bullying has an impact on the dependent variables job performance. This finding also suggested that management might be able to decrease the level of job stress by increasing satisfaction with compensation, policies, work conditions and improving the interactions with employees in a staff meeting. This research also sheds information on how workplace bullying can be effected towards job performance. This study found that organizational cultures make worse the problem when the leaders either do not understand workplace bullying or dismiss it as solid management. The study concluded that a systems approach to designing a training program that discusses the root causes, involves all individuals from all levels, and yields skills for dealing with this phenomena can foster a congenial working environment. Turner, R. J (2013). Understanding health disparities: The relevance of the stress process model. Society and Mental Health, 3(3):170-186. The primary research questions of the study examined the disparities of stress by gender; stress by race/ethnicity and stress by socioeconomic status as a result of recent life events. Measures used to address physical health status included self-report information on the latest illness, chronic diseases, and self-rated health. The population studied was 493 non-Hispanic and 406 African Americans. The method used a cross-sectional design to assess lifetime and recent incidents of drug abuse and addiction, alcohol misuse and dependence, and psychiatric disorders. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to interview the participants. The subjects were randomly selected. The empirical basis for this study describes an ongoing community study designed to more efficiently assess the hypothesis that lifetime exposure to stress can represent a significant factor in the perceived race and SES wellness disparities. Depressive symptoms decrease on status characteristics an d five dimensions of stress exposure for 406 African Americans as it related to different levels of socioeconomic status. It is inferred that the viewpoints of the approach may advance the capacity of future research to evaluate the mental health significance of the stress process. Furthermore, recent life events can account for less than 6 percent of examined inequality in depressive traits with demographic circumstances controlled compared to about 20 percent for all stress; African American total stress exposure was .286, compared to whites (.920). Limitations were two-wave panel study and elevated cost of field work. The design could have been achieved with longitudinal data. Future research could advance mental well-being implication of the stress progress. Hall, R. (2013). The idealization of light skin as vehicle of social pathogen vis-Ã  -vis bleaching syndrome: Implications of globalization for human behavior. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23:4, 552-56. The scope of the survey is to investigate the global account of light skin; empirical evidence about light skin; and the bleaching syndrome. The participant in the study examines a universal idealization of light skin by using two groups of women of color to explore their ideas about beauty. The sample consisted of 117 participants. Respondents had a mean age of 20 years. A self-report instrument was administered for assessing skin color called a Cutaneo-Chroma- Correlate (CCC). A quantitative analysis of the idealization of light skin sample of college students enrolled at a womens institution of higher education. The majority of students determined that beautiful skin is 76.1% lightest or light and the medium tone is 18.8%.Whereas, respondents personal values about the skin color of beautiful women for light skin was 68.1 and medium was 20.5%. The effect precipitated the bleaching syndrome as a common pathogen amongst people of color. The study argued that train social workers glob ally will need to address bleaching syndrome. Moreover, people of color and the Western social workers who work with them will move the line of work to its next level through the use of assisted technology. Garcia, D., Abascal, M. (2015). Colored perceptions: Racially distinctive names and assessments of skin color. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(4):420-441. The scope of the study explores whether assessments of others skin color are affected by a subtle racial cue or a name. The research questions and hypotheses addressed the following questions: 1) how do racial cues shape assessments of skin color? 2) Racially ambiguous faces receive a different skin color rating when it is specified a distinctively Hispanic name versus a distinctively non-Hispanic name? 3) Gender differences in the perception of skin color? The randomization and descriptive methodology were based on an original survey experiment. The survey was distributed to an online convenience sample through an Amazons Mechanical Turk website. Overall, 560 different subjects participated in the study; the sample was limited to adults living in the United States. Each participant observed and rated images of five female and five male features using a skin color palette. After assessing skin color, and as a guidance check, subjects were asked to choose the most likely racial framew ork of the face. Finally, subjects answered a series of demographic questions covering age, gender, race, education, income, U.S. region, and self-rated skin color. Pretested 64 names via an MTurk survey analysis conducted in September 2014. Sixty-two different subjects participated in the pretests, all of them adults within the United States. Each subject rated 32 names regarding perceived race and class, such that approximately 30 subjects rated each name. Selected the 20 most racially unique names. Results indicate that racial cues influence seemingly objective assessments of phenotypic traits, like skin color. Results symbolize that skin color ratings are affected by the presence of a racially distinctive name. A notable share of people will rank the same features darker when that face is designated a distinctively Hispanic surname as opposed to a non-Hispanic name. Also, ratings of male faces are more sensitive to racially distinguished names. The central limitation of the pres ent study lies in our inability to disentangle the effects of perceived race from those of class and immigrant status. The conclusions revealed valuable lessons for the understanding of the social structure of race and its role in creating inequalities. Victor E. Sojo, Robert E. Wood, and Anna E. Genat (2016). Harmful workplace experiences and womens occupational well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(1):10-40. The study consists of comparing the associations of different harmful workplace experiences and job stressors with womens work attitudes and health. The researcher examined five hypotheses: 1) High frequency/low-intensity negative workplace experiences; 2) Harmful workplace skills; 3) Work attitudes; 4) The impact of harmful workplace experiences on womens occupational; and 5) The association between adverse workplace experiences and womens professional. A meta-analysis examination of studies explored the similarities among adverse workplace encounters and womens occupational health. As a result of previous research, a classification of adverse workplace experiences affecting women was proposed and then used for the analysis of 88 studies with 93 independent samples, containing 73,877 working women from 1985 to 2012. Five proximal indicators were examined with measures of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, work satisfaction, co-worker satisfaction and supervision satisfacti on. Four measures of womens health were used as distal indicators of occupational well-being: general health, physical health, mental health, and satisfaction with life. Certain gaps in the literature were identified, and areas for future research, such as sexual harassment and gendered discrimination could benefit from more precision in the measurement constructs. Strom M.A, Zebrowitz L.A, Zhang S, Bronstad P.M, Lee H.K. (2012) Skin and Bones: The contribution of skin tone and facial structure to racial prototypicality ratings. PLoS ONE, 7(7): 1-8. The research was the first to evaluate the contribution of skin tone and facial metrics to White, Black, and Korean perceivers degrees of the racial prototypicality of faces from the same three groups. White and Korean participants were randomly selected to rate either male or female faces, while Black participants ranked faces of both sexes with the order of face skin toned across participants. The participants were thirty-nine White American college undergraduates, 26 Black American college undergraduates, and 48 Korean college undergraduates at a university in Seoul, Korea rated race-related appearance qualities and emotion expression of the target faces. White and Korean participants were randomly selected to rate male or female faces, whereas Black participants ranked faces of both sexes with the order of face sex equalized across participants. Thus, each face was assessed by approximately 39 White participants, 26 Black members, and 48 Korean participants. The photographs of th e Black female target faces were selected from an American singles website for Black women ages 18 to 25. The results revealed that the relative contribution of metrics and skin tone depended on both the perceiver race and face race. White perceivers racial prototypicality ratings were less receptive to variations in skin tone than Black or Korean perceivers ranks. Caucasian perceivers ratings also illustrated the higher response to facial characteristics than to skin tone, whereas the reverse was true for Black perceivers. Moreover, transversely all perceiver groups, skin tone had a more uniform impact than metrics on racial prototypicality ranks of White faces, with the reverse for Korean faces. For Black faces, the relevant result varied with perceived race: skin coloration had a more compatible influence than metrics for Black and Korean perceivers, with the reverse for White perceivers. These results have important implications for foretelling who will undergo racial prototypic ality biases and from whom. Landor, A.M., Simons, L.G., Simons, R.L., Brody, G.H., Bryant, C.M, Gibbons, F.X., Granberg, E.M., Melby, J.N. (2013). Exploring the impact of skin tone on family dynamics and race-related outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(5):817-826. The current multisite, longitudinal study employs data from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS). Approximately, 800 African American families residing in Georgia and Iowa participated in the study. Self-report questionnaires were administered in an interview format using a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI). The current study employed two waves of data, consisting of 350 males, 417 females and their primary caregivers. Using data from a longitudinal sample, 767 African American families skin tone, was assessed to determine how skin tone impacted experiences with discrimination or was related to differences in quality of parenting and racial socialization within families. The outcomes indicated no link between skin tone and ethnic bias, which proposes that lightness or darkness of skin, does not either guard African Americans against or intensify the encounters of unfairness. On the other hand, families illustrated preferred approach toward offspring based on skin t one and these disparities varied by gender of the child. Notably, darker skin sons endured higher quality parenting and more ethnic socialization fostering mistrust related to their counterparts with lighter skin tone. Lighter skin daughters received quality parenting compared to those with darker skin. Also, the gender of a child-directed the relationship between the main caregiver skin coloration and racial socialization promoting mistrust. These results suggest that colorism remains a prominent issue within African American families. The implication for future research is the examination of repression and intervention as it relates to the skin tone of a family. Feliciano, C. (2016). Shades of Race: How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(4), 390 419. Employing a unique data set drawn from observers assessments of photos posted by White, Black, Latino, and multiracial online daters, this study investigates how phenotype and observer attribute impact racial categorization and events of divergence between self-identities and others classifications. The data was collected from the Internet dating profiles posted on Match.com, between April 2011 and June 2011. Moreover, there were random, stratified samples of profiles from people seeking opposite-sex partners, living within 50 miles of four large cities, such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, or New York City who self-identified themselves as Black, White, or Latino. The Research assistants randomly selected 200 profiles for each self-identified race/gender/region combination and coded all of the demographic information the participants provided that addressed age and race. Every coder was randomly set from 300 to 1,700 profiles, and at least seven observers coded each silhouette. Th e coders were unequivocally instructed not to gaze at any parts of the portrait except for the photo(s). The measures examine self-identified race, observed race, phenotypic characteristic, observer features and control variables. Finding, individuals who self-identified race as black (97%) had a higher mean percentage of observers who view a person as White (92%). Finding illustrated how phenotype and skin color shapes divergent racial classifications because of skin tone. Limitations were due to incomplete resources and individuals who self-identified as Black, White or Asians. Future research is to categorize Asians skin tone. Johnston, D.W., Lordan, G., (2016). Racial prejudice and labor market penalties during economic downturns. European Economic Review, 84: 57-75. The study examines racial prejudice in the workplace and labor penalties as a result of economic crisis. Several hypotheses were asked concerning if economic downturns encourage racist attitudes and if racial attitudes lead to worse labor market outcome for minorities? The researchers employed British attitude and workforce data. The opinion data show that racial prejudice is countercyclical, with the effect driven by substantial increases for high-skilled middle-aged workers in which implies there is a 1% point increase in unemployment is estimated and an increase self-reported racial discrimination by 4% points. Correspondingly, the labor force data reveal that racial hiring and wage gaps are weakening, with the greatest effects observed for high-skilled men, notably in the manufacturing and construction industries. A 1% point increase in unemployment is estimated to increase the wage gap by 3%. These results were consistent with the theoretical literature, which proposes that raci al prejudice and discrimination are the results of labor market competition among individuals with similar traits and that the effects of this competition are intensified during periods of economic downturn. Limitations of the survey revealed that the participants self-identified racist attitudes which influence labor market outcomes for minorities. Embrick, D.G., Henricks, K. (2015). Two-faced -isms: racism at work and how race discourse shapes class talk and gender talk. Language Sciences, 1: 1-12. In this paper, a mixed-methods approach was employed to examine the contextual variabilities and nuances of racial discourse in a southwestern baked-goods workplace. Data was collected from interviews and participates (38 respondents) observations. The participants were Asians, Latinos and multiracial. Previous conclusions were questioned on how stereotypes and slurs are racially unequal in a workplace setting and to investigate what is uniquely racist about the deployment of stereotypes and stigmas and how prejudice shapes gendered and classed dimensions of these terms. Further, the researcher demonstrated how gender and class could be constructed along the lines of racial ideology at micro-levels of interaction. The outcome argued that race talk not operates independently or in isolation from other discourses like gender talk and class talk. Instead, racist remarks are often exposed adjacent to classist and sexist remarks by people, who concurrently engage multiple racial, class, a nd gender locations. Data were obtained for this case study from in-depth interviews and participant observations. Future research in gendered and classed could focus on white race talk or nonwhite race talk in a workplace setting.

Hoosiers Essay -- essays research papers

Hoosiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As driving into Hickory, Indiana, a tiny town, I see that every house has a basketball hoop on the side of their barn. The little town consists of one main street. It has the local supermarket, barbershop, hardware store and some other small stores. While driving on the main street, I noticed that everyone notices a stranger coming into town. That is how small Hickory is. Driving into the high school parking lot I see that the girls dominate the young men by far. Looking around I also see that everyone is talking about the basketball game that night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When hearing that Norman Dale was going to coach a high school basketball team, I figured it was worth a shot to see how he would handle high school basketball rather than college. His experience in college was once hailed, but then dramatically failed. I was glad that I took the time to see how much talent coach Norman Dale could dish out of his players. I heard through some townspeople that the practices were unreal. Coach Dale was very intense and had the young men were worked very hard. Coach Dale believed that in every practice it should be helping you to get better for your next game and how you practice is how you play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were only nine players on the team and they did have talent. It was whether or not it all worked was up to coach Dale. From watching their first game to the game, there was a great journey that the Hickory Hoosiers had. So many things happened and many memories were made. It is a special journey that needs to be shared.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hoosiers started out rough, but held their composure. They were losing and the townspeople didn’t like how coach Dale was coaching. They disagreed with his decisions that he made during the game and they didn’t like his attitude. Coach Dale believed that his style of coaching was appropriate and he wasn’t going to change. The townspeople decided to have a meeting to see whether or not they should keep coach Dale. The players were waiting for the answer of if Coach Dale was being fired. The players felt that Coach Dale shouldn’t be let go. As the meeting was going on a young man, Billy, from school who was in excellent basketball player but didn’t play on the team, due to his home life, came to talk. He said that he would come and p... ...o have a chance to win. The Hoosiers got lucky and made a terrific steal to get the ball back. A time out was called and Coach Dale told a play to run with 16 seconds to go. The players slumped in their chairs. Coach Dale didn’t know what was going on and asked them to tell him. The guys wanted Billy to take the last shot. Billy said he would make it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With 16 seconds left Billy dribbled the ball up the court and took his time. Five seconds were left and Billy took three dribbles and pulled up for the shot, nothing but the bottom of the net. The entire place went crazy. The little town of Hickory all rushed the floor. The Hickory Hoosiers were a team of composure and a team that would do anything to win. To see a team from the first game and to the last, it was quite a journey. The love for the game was expressed through the coach to his players and from the players to the coach. The journey is now over but will never be forgotten. This journey shows that no matter how small you are, no matter where you come from, or the past doesn’t matter. What does matter is how much heart you put into something. What a great journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Essay example --

Motivation Motivation is defined as the process that guides, initiates, and maintains goal orientated behavior and thought (Cherry, 2013). Motivation is what drives individuals to do what they do, whether it is something as simple as getting a drink because he or she are thirsty or something as big as getting up every day and gong to work for a paycheck. Identify at least two sources of motivation Motivation can come from internal sources (intrinsic), which have psychological and biological variables or from external (extrinsic) sources like incentives and goals (Deckers, 2010). Intrinsic motivation develops in individuals to give them their own personalities and preferences towards specific behaviors, examples include participating in certain activities or sports because you find them enjoyable or doing a Sudoku puzzle because it is a challenge you find fun or interesting. In these examples, an individual’s behavior is motivated by something internal that makes them want to participate in the activity just to do it (Cherry, 2013). Extrinsic motivation is when an individual performs...

Coastal and waterway transport contracts in India

The Bill of Lading governs the documented aspect, the insurance is as a support, the merchant shipping act governs the rights and liabilities of the parties and the Carriage of goods act governs the disputes in matter of the marine Contracts and the carriage of goods. Objective of the study . The objective of making this project is to study and research on Coastal and Waterway Transport contracts in India which is very important from the point of law of contracts. 2.The main objective of my study is to deduce and find out the procedure of how the contracts are formed during a shipping agreement and the rights and liabilities of efferent people during a same contract 3. All these concepts are different and various cases have given different Judgments upon different situations. 4. Also I came to know about how these concepts are varied in different nations like United States of America and United Kingdom. Research questions – The research is mainly based on these questions:l . H ow did the coastal and waterway transport contracts evolve in India? . Which acts and statutes have been set up for these types of contracts? 3. Explain the procedure of how does the coastal contracts work and the documents needed for the same. 4. What is the importance of the Bill of Lading in these types of contracts? 31 Page 5. How does insurance play an important role in these contracts? 6. Mention the Comparative study of India with US and I-J in these types of contracts. 7. Please give needful suggestion for the topic and how to improve the position of coastal and waterway transport contract in India. Limitation of the project:l .In addition in all contracts of carriage of goods by sea, there were implied undertakings by the carrier that the carrying vessel was seaworthy and that the ship would commence and carry cut the contractual voyage with reasonable diligence without unjustifiable deviation. The Bill of lading was the basic shipping document, evidencing the contractual r elationship between carrier and shipper and forming the basis of all claims arising from the transportation of goods by sea.It was originally a non-negotiable document but with the growth of commerce the need was felt for transferring the property in the goods before the arrival of the goods at the destination by endorsing the bill of lading to the buyer and the practice came to be established of issuing â€Å"negotiable† bill of lading. The early bills of lading contained only the common law exception. As time passed, however, ship-owners began generally to amend their bills of lading by introducing exemption clauses and thereby limit contractually the strict liability imposed upon them by maritime law.As and when court decision went against the carriers, they introduced more and more protective or pardoning clauses in the bill of lading and depending upon their bargaining position at a time when the volume of world trade exceeded the carrying capacity of shipping, there sou ght to exempt themselves from practically every liability of ocean carriage. This resulted in growing satisfaction among shippers, bankers and underwriters who demanded legislation to remove the abuse produced by unlimited freedom of contract enjoyed by the http://www. Livening. Mom/Opinion/hkC9ZcvCbqlWbB141 Lends/After-years-of-neglect- India-wakes-up-toccatas-inland-WA. HTML, last accessed on 27th July 1 up. M. 5 Page carriers, the results was that several countries enacted legislation on the subject. The Harpers Act was enacted by USA in 1893 followed by the Australian Carriage of goods by Sea Act in 1904, The New Zealand Shipping and Seaman Act in 1908 and the Canadian Water Carriage Act in 1910. The Harder Act aimed at protection of cargo interests, prohibited clauses exonerating the carrier or his agents from liability for faults in the care and custody of the cargo but at the same time.The Act provided that the carrier was not to be held liable for results of newsworthiness i f he had exercised due diligence to make the ship seaworthy and if the damage caused to the cargo resulted from faults and errors in the navigation or management of the vessel. The Harpers Act thus established an important principle in that it settled the problem f the carriers liability by making a distinction between faults in the management and navigation of the vessel and faults in the care and custody of cargo.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Beliefs

According to About.Com, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in 1929 in Atlanta Georgia.   His father was the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, and later on, he himself became the preacher of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama. He led the famous Black Boycotts between 1955-1956 against the segregation in city buses. His policy of nonviolent resistance culminated in the â€Å"March on Washington† in August of 1963, with more than 200,000 African-Americans joining the protest, calling for equal civil rights for all.   This again was able to bring worldwide attention to his cause.   In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.   In 1964, Congress finally passed the Civil Rights Act, which essentially prohibited discrimination against any person on the basis of race, color, religion and national origin in restaurants, hotels, motels, and also prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of the same factors mentioned above. Dr. King finds that his present actions are inspired divinely.   These clergymen, unwise and untimely, referred to his actions, as a new mayor had just been elected in Birmingham, and it is believed that these clergymen wanted to wait for a while and observe what the new mayor was going to do.   Dr. King described Birmingham as the most violent city in the United States of America with respect to the disregard for the rights of the African-American at that time. He makes mention of biblical passages where equally inspired men left their own homes and comfort zones to preach the gospel of Christ to the far corners of the world. Dr. King also stressed the â€Å"interrelatedness of communities and states† (Dr. King’s letter).   Any event that occurs in one part of the world somehow affects each and every other state to a certain extent. Hence this spurred his desire for direct action as a form of protest against discrimination of blacks in the United States. He then replied to the clergymen’s charge that the demonstrations were not the solution to their problems, stating that the Negro community in fact had no other alternatives, as racial injustice was becoming too far widespread and that many cities were becoming too segregated.   He went on to give particular examples of violence against the Negroes: lynching, drowning, kicking, beating, on the physical side, and the deprivation of education; thereafter economic opportunities on the economic side.   He tells how it feels to be called â€Å"nigger† (Dr. King’s letter), and to have such an overwhelming sense of helplessness, to the point of despair. In the same letter he outlines the four steps in any non-violent campaign.   The first is the collection of facts to determine if the injustices done are really existent.   He enumerates the facts of the case: bombings against Negro communities, the violence against Negroes, and the like.   Next, he mentions the need for negotiation, and in the letter it is stated that their group had gone so many times to talk to city officials about the need for changes in the law and in the city ordinances, but it would seem that their pleas had fallen on deaf ears. The third step then is described as the process of self-purification, where one examines himself in order to determine if he is ready to take the effects of the demonstrations or protest actions that they will do in the near future.   Would one be ready for jail, for beatings, or for other forms of retaliation against the self and his family?   If one successfully overcame the step of self-purification, then direct action would follow. (Dr. King’s letter). Dr. King stated in the letter that the end objective of direct action was to create a crisis – a sort of tension within the community, especially if it was known that the aggressors had refused negotiation several times. He stressed the need for a dramatization of the situation, as requests for negotiation have been refused from time to time.   As a result of this refusal to negotiate, direct action has been taken.   He goes on to describe the tension as a necessary item for growth, so that â€Å"men can rise from prejudice to understanding and brotherhood† (Dr. King’s letter). Thus, the purpose of direction is to create a situation so packed with tension such that the aggressors agree to go back to the negotiation table. We often forget that Dr. King is a preacher, and a religious man at that. His basic philosophies in life were also revealed in the very same letter.   The reason for civil disobedience, or in his terms direct action, is because of the existence of unjust laws.   He then goes on to define any unjust law as a law that is not in tune with moral law, and with natural law. If that particular law happens to degrade the human personality, then Dr. King calls that law to be unjust.   He then goes on to say that the constant stream of unjust laws, specifically the instance of discrimination against Negroes in America, has caused some Negroes to become very complacent, and to accept discrimination as a way of life and as their destiny. Towards the end, Dr. King wrote â€Å"nonviolence demands the means we use be as pure as the ends we seek† (Dr. King’s Letter). He points out that the policemen in Birmingham used the nonviolent means of policing the demonstrations as a good means to achieve the immoral means of racial injustice.   Civil disobedience per se may be non-violent, but many will never know the intense loneliness that accompanies their crusade. Civil disobedience is a religious crusade in itself, for it tests the faith of man in his personal beliefs. On March 9, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a â€Å"symbolic† march to the bridge from which civil rights leaders asked for court protection for another big march from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery (Selma to Montgomery March). Several historic moments in the civil rights struggle have been used to identify Martin Luther King, Jr. — prime mover of the Montgomery bus boycott, keynote speaker at the March on Washington, youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate (Colaiaco, p. 28). But in retrospect, single events are less important than the fact that King, and his policy of nonviolent protest, was the dominant force in the civil rights movement during its decade of greatest achievement, from 1957 to 1968 (The Seattle Times, n.p.). King Jr. places his bets on the inherent goodness of man and that peace and justice will indeed prevail in the end.   He truly was a man of great faith, and in the end, gave up his life towards the achievement of his dream. In his short life, Martin Luther King was instrumental in helping us realize and rectify those unspeakable flaws that tarnished the name of America. The events, which took place in and around his life, were earth shattering, for they represented an America that was hostile and quite different from America as we see it today. Indeed, he was one of the outstanding leaders who have changed the way we live today. REFERENCES Clayborne C. A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2007 at: http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/speeches/contents.htm Colaiaco, J. A.(1988). Martin Luther King, Jr.: Apostle of militant nonviolence.† New York: St. Martin's Press. Fairclough, A. (1995). Martin Luther King, Jr. University of Georgia Press Dr. King, M.L. Letter from Birmingham Jail. reproduced in the Semi Daily Journal of Stephen Long, Retrieved Feb. 1, 2007 at: http://www.bdlong.com/mlkingjr.htm Dr. King, M.L. Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail.   reproduced in NobelPrizes.Com. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2007 at:. http://www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/peace/mlk-jail.html; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. About. Com. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2007 at: http://www.christianity.about.com/od/martinlutherking/a/martinking.htm Selma to Montgomery March. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2007 at: http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/travel/civilrights/al4.htm The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. The Seattle Times.   Retrieved Feb. 1, 2007 at: ;http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/mlk/king/biography.html; ;

Emotions and the Brain Essay

The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through â€Å"primary† visual cortex. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jung’s methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. The concept of the â€Å"limbic system† as the focal brain division that must be investigated in order to understand emotionality. The medial surfaces of the telencephalic hemispheres (including cingulate, frontal, and temporal lobe areas — especially the amygdala) and interconnections with septal, hypothalamic, and central-medial brain stem areas as part of the neural landscape that constituted the â€Å"emotional brain. Cortical control of primitive behaviors and basic emotions has been achieved in several ways. One way was for the cortex to extend emotions in time by allowing organisms to dwell on past and future events. The organizational principle that has been most commonly used to summarize the neural infrastructure of emotional processes has been Paul MacLean’s concept of the triune brain. According to the classic version which offers a conceptual cartoon of the major layers of neural development, the functional landscape of the brain is organized in three strata of evolutionary progression. Although humans have the largest frontal lobes of any species, dolphins have a massive new brain area, the paralimbic lobe, that we do not possess. The paralimbic lobe is an outgrowth of the cingulate gyrus, which is known to elaborate social communication and social emotions (such as feelings of separation distress and maternal intent) in all other mammals. We should always keep in mind a key conceptual distinction when we consider brain operating systems, namely, how â€Å"open† or â€Å"closed† are these systems in relation to environmental influences FLA loop The neural substrate of language consists of a complex hierarchical system of levels corresponding to stages in neocortical evolution. The system has an anterior (frontal) and posterior (temporo-parieto-occipital) component. The two main classes of aphasia, the non fluent and the fluent aphasias, refer to these components, while the various aphasic syndromes within each class point to different levels within the anterior or posterior sector. The structure as a whole develops out of medial and paraventricular formations through several growth planes of limbic and paralimbic (transitional) cortex to a stage of generalized (â€Å"association,† â€Å"integration†) cortex. The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through â€Å"primary† visual cortex. In a fashion similar to that of the frontal sector, the perception leads from a global pre-object in a unitary field at a preliminary level to the final more or less contralateral hemifield representation at a koniocortical end stage. (Christianson, 1992) Impaired initiation with lesions of mesial or orbito-frontal cortex may involve the action as a whole, or partially. The patient may be unable to initiate any action (akinetic mutism) or show hypoactivity, inertia and lack of spontaneity. These latter symptoms may represent attenuated forms of akinetic mutism. Perhaps, the degree of encroachment on, or distance from, core regions of frontal limbic cortex (e. g. , anterior cingulate gyrus) determines the extent of hypoactivity. In the partial disorders there is difficulty initiating a vocal act (mutism, transcortical motor aphasia) or limb action (alien hand, SMA syndrome and related disorders). Perseveration also occurs with damage to frontal limbic areas and is related to disturbed initiation. The persistence of a performance is the other side of an inability to go on to the next. Impaired initiation may occur without perseveration, but it is questionable whether the reverse is true. In fact, in perseveration, the initiation deficit often seems primary, for perseveration is greater for tasks which are more difficult, and it tends to involve previously successful performances. (Christianson, 1992) With convexity lesions the action is disrupted at a stage subsequent to its activation. Derailments occur at serial points in the unfolding of the action toward a goal. Apraxia, a substitution or defective selection of partial movements with lesions of left premotor cortex, is due to an alteration of motor timing, or a change in the kinetic pattern for a particular motor sequence. Other frontal disorders may have a similar basis. Agrammatism, dysprosody and expressive amusia probably represent the disruption of an oscillator which elaborates the rhythmic or prosodic contour of an utterance or vocal action. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. The lack of drive or motivation in frontal patients can also be approached from a motor standpoint. I have suggested that base levels in the action elaborate the experience, or feeling, of drive and that this experience, like the Innervationsguhl of Wundt, arises as an accompaniment of the action development rather than as an energy or a force which is only an underpinning. In other words, drive undergoes a development together with action. Some actions appear to be motivated by drives or instincts, others are purposeful or goal-oriented, and still others are volitional, in the sense that decisions are made, actions can be delayed and even witheld in pursuit of a goal. My guess is that these feeling states drive, purposefulness, volition correspond with evolutionary levels in the action development, and that this is why damage to the action structure impacts on the feeling state specified by the damaged processing stage. (Lazarus, 1991) Actions also elaborate intentions, the feeling that one it an agent who acts on an environment. This is part of the temporal unfolding of the action and its continual surge toward a future state. It is the basis for our distinction of passive and active movements. This feeling, and the other affects which the action generates, are bound up with the sense of anticipation and forward growth. The loss of, or a change in, this direction toward the future has the consequence of a greater responsiveness to ongoing stimuli and an apparent tendency to live for the immediate present. The loss of this active or volitional relation to the world is, ultimately, the most profound effect of damage to the frontal lobes. The action unfolds into the volumetric space of limbic cognition, a space of dream and hallucination. The action moves outward beyond the body itself to an extrapersonal field of body movement that is still part of and continuous with subjective mental space. This is not a grasping or manipulation space, for objects have not yet exteriorized. The emerging action is read off into keyboards innervating the proximal musculature. Actions leave the body axis and are distributed through the proximal muscles into the space around the body or onto the body itslef. At this stage, the first separation appears between perceiver and object, actor and object acted upon, agent and action. The motor envelope differentiates into partial actions, objects begin to clarify, and space begins to expand, fractionate, and draw away from the perceiver. (Lazarus, 1991) The role of limbic mechanisms in action is brought home even more clearly by conditions in which there is damage to limbic-derived neocortex on the mesial aspect of the frontal lobe. Bilateral damage to the anterior cingulate gyrus gives rise to a state of akinetic mutism resembling that which can occur with damage to the upper brainstem. The patient appears to be in a catatonic stupor and, as in catatonia, there are periodic bouts of excitement that give way to a persistent vegetative state. Stimulation of this region in man produces motor and affective responses suggestive of â€Å"a primitive or archaic level in behavior†. Stimulation adjacent to the anterior cingulate gyrus in the supplementary motor area (SMA) causes iteration or arrest of vocalization and proximal movement, especially of the upper limbs. With damage there may be a â€Å"release† of automatisms and primitive synergies of the arm and hand (alien hand) or difficulty initiating action with the arm though strength and coordination are intact. There may also be difficulty initiating speech. This can lead to selective mutism or selective akinesia, that is, ambulatory mutism or good speech with imparied initiation of limb movement. Selective difficulty initiating movements with the lower extremities occurs in the so-called gait apraxia, or magnetic gait, often associated with hydrocephalus. (Wilson, 1983) In the microgenetic theory the SMA mediates preparatory stages in action generation prior to conscious awareness. Lesions of this area disrupt speech, limb, and body action in a common manner early in the processing of the action, prior to the specification of constituent movement patterns. The disturbance of speech was viewed as motoric, not linguistic or propositional. In the microgenetic view, each response represents a bundle of action structures, consisting of the series of stages through which the action develops. Pathology disrupts the action at different points in this process. The site of the lesion determines the point in the sequence that is disrupted, and this point or processing stage constitutes the symptom or abnormal behavior. Microgeny maps onto patterns of phyletic growth. The structure of an action and the symptoms that correspond to levels in this structure are distributed over stages in forebrain evolution. Damage to older orbital and mesial frontal limbic formations leads to impaired activation (response bias or perseveration and lack of initiation), damage along the convexity leads to derailment of the action after adequate initiation (distractibility, apraxia, and confabulation), and damage to premotor and motor cortices leads to a defect in implementation of distal targets (misarticulation, clumsiness, and weakness). Specifically, the evolutionary progression from limbic to motor cortices retraces the sequence of processing stages in the microtemporal elaboration of an action. Seizures involving mesial frontal limbic cortex can lead to stereotypical actions of a purposeful type, such as scratching one’s head, manipulating imaginary objects, or pacing. The alien hand syndrome also represents a type of released automatism. Here a more complex integrated behavior of a purposeful but not volitional type is associated with damage or stimulation to zones intermediate in the action microgeny. The inner relationship between (impaired) initiation and (â€Å"released†) automatism recurs but now in the context of a more differentiated action pattern, involving segmental or vocal movements. Non-Linear Dynamic Systems. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jung’s methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. As the limit of personal associations is reached, if further analysis is required, the net is widened to include cultural and archetypal elements. For this expansion to remain clinically relevant it must offer an experiential dimension as well as being an intellectual event; affective involvement is crucial, as will be discussed with dream work. A precondition for entering a state of (analytic) consciousness that can facilitate a mutative employment of transpersonal material was noted by Jung and more fully discussed by Bion, the suspension of ordinary knowing – this link between Jung and Bion was delineated by Fordham along with a number of other areas of overlap between them. All psychoanalysts looking at the applications of infant research to adult analysis, subscribe to variants of an emergentist paradigm grounded in non-linear dynamic systems. Sander’s ideas about paradox and polarity are resonant with Jung’s core perception of the dissociability of the psyche that leads to his theory of complexes with the consequent aim in analysis to foster synthesis and integration via the transcendent function. Every living system must cope with uncertainty that places it in a state somewhere between continuity and change, core polarities for Sander. In the therapeutic setting, fluctuations in relational certitude and doubt provide an emergent edge through which the co-constructed third of the relationship becomes the locus of the transcendent function. The system radically expands our understanding of transference and points to the creative possibilities inherent in a â€Å"new† experience. Which complexes are constellated in the analyst, in the patient and between them at such moments should likely be considered.

Understanding Dota Gamers

DotA is an abbreviation of Defense of the Ancients which is a map modification from Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and Frozen Throne based on the map of â€Å"Aeon Strife† of Starcraft, a team game focusing on hero combat. DotA is a five versus five game with two sides which are sentinel and scourge. The map is divided into three lanes where creeps automatically spawn. The objective of the game is to destroy the opponent’s Ancient that is heavily guarded by several defensive towers which attacks hostile creatures. The map was developed with the World Editor of Reign of Chaos.The first DotA map was developed by anonymous modder known as Eul. He released DotA even before the Frozen Throne came out. Then another anonymous modder, Guinsoo, took over and converted DotA for the Frozen Throne, but he later stopped developing maps. Icefrog then took his place and is the current DotA developer. Game is commonly played with teams. Each team creates strategy to win the game. First, they pick hero, one hero for every player. Next, player buys item for the hero to make it strong. And proceed into one lane for defense and offense mode.Hero gains one gold, currency of the game, every second and forty for creeps and two hundred plus for hero kills. Player collects gold by farming, microing, and hostile hero killing to buy recipe items to be synthesized for an upgraded weapon. Also, hero gains level experience, up to level twenty five, every time they kill a creeps and heroes. Every hero has their own unique balance skill. Proper timing and usage of skill is one aspect that a DotA player needs to learn. Ever since the DotA was developed, the game had undergone many changes.Game bugs and glitch do appear and are reported by testers and players. It gives a thought that a modder is not the only developer of the game. The DotA community has their own share. â€Å"But despite all of the community’s help, it is still Icefrog, a man who may be named Jeremy, who may be from Boston and who may study at UCLA, which makes the final changes. The masses may be the power of the movement, but the figurehead and initiator of all that changes is still focused on a mysterious, almost spiritual figurehead. †1 The popularity of DotA has increased over time.The game can be played around local area network or online through battle. net. Battle. net allows one player to connect with other players in the internet. Garena provides interconnection of players for every game, in this case DotA. It has several rooms created by a host player inviting another player to join in. DotA was once featured in the magazine Computer Gaming World. Different tournaments were done and one of the famous is Electronic Sports World Cup in 2008. LAN tournaments are a major part of worldwide play. From game addiction to game creation, the League of Legends was released.It has the same environment with Defense of the Ancients, but an enhanced and improved graphics and animatio n and different characters, items and skills. Same goes with DOTA 2, the improvised DotA. Everything was remained. DOTA 2 is a whole new game. Even with DOTA 2 released, there are still player of the DotA. Pre-gamers think whether they will try the game or not. They are curious about the game. Things that in their mind are bad pictures like they will be bullied, will be laughed of, or will become attached to the game. They question themselves: why are existing players play DotA? How much fun can they get?How to play the game? With these questions in their mind, they are influence by their curiosity to start and play the game and find the answers themselves. They will seek assistance first, and then remember the basic controls and movements of the character for their next play. In other cases, curiosity is not the reason why someone starts to play DotA. It is the influence of their peers inviting the pre-gamer to join the club – DotA gamers. The friendship does not want to be broken. The known reputation of DotA being one of the most addictive games pushes the pre-gamer to decline playing.Some succeed in declining and others did not. It is because they are convinced by their friends to play DotA. Girlfriend of an existing DotA gamer is the common relationship status of girl players. They want to get the attention of their boyfriend. So, girlfriend asks her boyfriend to teach her and learn it herself so they can play and have fun together. Once they have tried the game, it will leave them impressions. The common impression is that it is not good because of the low quality graphical representation and the controls are hard to remember at first.It is also hard to kill an artificial intelligence character that a beginner will think the game is impossible, but this will change later. Another one impression is ‘disappointed’ because their first play could not meet their expectation and will not be satisfied with the result. Some quit at once while other continues. After getting the game’s information, a beginner will start to change his view towards the game. He/she will discover that the game is exciting, thrilling, and fun. He will practice playing to kill an AI character. This will lead to continuous playing and eventually improve his/her skills and strategies.When that happens, he/she will kill an AI and be ready to compete with other players. At middle time of a gamer, he/she finds DotA as a place of recreation and entertainment. His/her addiction of the game is showing. A gamer spends most of their free time playing the game solo or with friends. Other gamers still play sports and socialize with friends and play DotA afterwards. This case is a proof of attachment with the game. Some gamers treat DotA as a hobby. They only play for pastime or to entertain their self. They are not considered as addicted.On the other hand, a gamer is considered addict when he/she plays more than an hour, spends money to heat up the game, and chooses the game instead of socializing with others. There are other reasons or symptoms that based a gamer addicted. As time goes by, for existing gamers, they turn out to become advance game player. The game is as familiar as their house. Strategies are like rock, scissor, and paper game. They can switch to new strategy for whenever they want. In-game characters are like dolls they control as they command. â€Å"Change is the only constant†, said Heraclitus (535-375 BC).Changes show in the later time of the gamer. There are changes in gamers’ physical appearance, thinking capacity, socialization, and studies. These changes affect the player’s daily life. The gamer is different from his/her past self. If he/she attends a reunion, his/her relatives would think of him for another person. â€Å"Physical consequences of gaming addiction include carpal tunnel, migraines, sleep disturbances, backaches, eating irregularities, and poor personal hygiene. Car pal tunnel syndrome has long been associated with computer use, so it's no surprise that it's a physical symptom of gaming addiction.Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused when the main nerve between the forearm and hand is squeezed or pressed. This occurs when the carpal tunnel – the area of the wrist that houses the main nerve and tendons – becomes irritated or swollen. Overuse of a computer mouse can cause such irritation and swelling, as can excessive use of a video game controller. Migraine headaches typically start in one spot and slowly spread, getting more painful as they progress. In severe cases, the pain can be so extreme that it causes the sufferer to vomit. Light and noise can cause excruciating pain.Someone who plays video games for extended periods of time is more prone to migraines because of the intense concentration required and the strain put on the eyes. The term â€Å"sleep disturbances† covers several sleep-related disorders, including insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, nocturnal myoclonus (periodic leg or arms jerks during sleep), and parasomnia (i. e. , night terrors, sleepwalking or talking, and nightmares). Sleep disturbances are caused, in part, by overstimulation of the brain. However, some people can't get a good night's sleep simply because they think obsessively about the game they're playing.Backaches are a common physical symptom of gaming addiction because most gamers stay seated in the same position for hours on end. The lack of movement causes stiffness and soreness, but could deteriorate into chronic back problems. Eating irregularities are caused by gaming addiction simply because most addicted gamers don't want to take the time to eat properly. Rather than eating healthy, balanced meals, they eat food that is quick and usually unhealthy. In extreme cases, the gamer may choose not to eat at all. An addicted gamer is not going to take the time to properly care for himself.Showers, face-washing, and brushing h air and teeth all get put on the back burner. It simply becomes less of a priority, if it's a priority at all. These physical consequences will occur in varying degrees from one gamer to another. Though the severity of physical consequences is often tied to the severity of the addiction, this is not always the case. A gamer that is already in poor physical condition will be more susceptible to these effects early on. †2 Video game is also a cause of obesity particularly with kids. They eat while their character is dead and wait until it respawn.Gamer mostly eats unhealthy or foods with imbalance nutrients. They do not exercise even sometimes which results to gaining weight, and back and wrist pains. This case majority happens to addicted players. A game player’s intellectual capabilities varies depend on his/her attitude or personalities. It also depends on their way of thinking and past knowledge. Gamers with strong and sharp mind usually win a session game in DotA. Ga mers’ mind thinks fast that is to establish game strategy and to take up the lead. This factor is a good effect of video game.He/she can make decisions fast but careful because he/she thinks as if he/she is still playing. He/she does not want to screw his game play and strategic plan. â€Å"Playing a game which requires very fast deployment of visual attention and motor movement could prime a strategy of speed over accuracy,† explained Nelson, â€Å"while playing a game which emphasizes a slower, more thoughtful pace could prime the opposite pattern. The main point is that different kinds of video games engage different cognitive and perceptual skills, and there are measurable differences in their effects, even in the short term. Similar results have been noted in previous research by Daphne Bavelier, of the University of Rochester in New York. She co-authored a study that showed video game players have improved hand-to-eye coordination, increased visual processing, s tronger mental rotation skills and enhanced visuo-spatial memory. †3 Defense of the Ancients is not as addictive as massive multi-online role playing game (MMORPG), where a player maintains and upgrades level and strength of his character and does not restart the character information after logging off.Meanwhile, DotA characters start at level one every session of game. DotA is more fun to play with peers than playing alone. The average length of a game session with user opponent is sixty minutes. Thus, it gives the player to interact with his teammate and opponents for an hour. It is virtual socialization, where a player speaks through the chat bar and dialog box, and interact with other player with his game character. Socialization in real life comes after a session. Gamers snacks together and talks about their finished game and criticize the player who cause the win or loss.It creates bonds and trusts for playmate. Gamers that play in computer shop increase their peers who they met and play the game with. Too much attachment to the game DotA affects relationships with family, relatives, friends and other people. A gamer that chooses to spend all of his free time and sleep for playing neglects his social interaction with relatives and in school. He only interacts with the player or peer he is playing with. And since he lacks sleep, there is a chance that he will fall asleep in class and affects his school performance. Peers changes the gamer’s way of socializing.The gamer absorbs the negative treatment onto him and do it himself onto other game player. He tries to bully weaker player – easy kill, easy money. And his way of speaking changes. Polite becomes impolite and occasionally turns to being rude. Some of his words are swap with words from the game, ixempli gratia, godlike and ‘imba’, which only a DotA game player understands. Most of his expression is about the game. He loves to talk all things about DotA only with other DotA player. He will not try to talk about it with non-gamer for they would not understand.Some gamers who are attached to the game do not fail in class. He manages his time carefully and controls his self with his decision to not set aside studies for computer game. Unfortunately, other gamers fall behind lectures. The common reason is lack of sleep. Gamer often yawn in class and inevitably fall asleep. Some gamers do not attend their first class and later drop the subject. There are gamer that do not spend their money allowance for snacks instead spend it for computer rental, if the gamer do not have computer at home or he just want to play DotA with other player.Other gamers decrease their time for study and spend it for socialization with peers through DotA. DotA had different tournaments. There are Local Area Network (LAN) tournament, online tournament, international tournaments and other tournaments. Advance players grab this opportunity to challenge their skills and to compe te with other strong players, but the common reason for joining is the prize especially the cash. Winners gain reputation. Losers gain rivals. The population of DotA gamers consists mostly of students. Their allowance usually goes to computer rental. Other gamers are nonstudent, with occupation and bystander.Bystanders have more free time to play though they have insufficient fund for renting computer though they can only play alone at home through internet if they have computer. Those advance gamers with jobs are the ones who usually place bets to heat up their game. This is a form of gambling. They even place bets though they are only watching. Gamers make money through winning bets and tournaments. Experience is knowledge. We gain lessons in every experience. Experience sharpens our personality. Our mistake is a lesson to avoid and improve the right one. Gamers experience the changes which were discussed in the last topic.While playing DotA, gamers experience different feelings a nd emotions like hunger, fun, excitement, and thrill. These emotions are triggered by neurotransmitters such as endorphins and dopamine. These brain chemicals are responsible for animals’ sense of pleasure. The brain secretes these chemicals when the body feels excitement, joy, or pain. Even a fake smile can cause pleasure and trick the body that it is happy. â€Å"Then, there's the excitement. A good game will get your pulse racing and your adrenaline pumping, even if you're just sitting on the couch holding a controller.Games with a time component amplify this excitement, even in simple games like Jewel Quest where you're down to one second before everything blows up because you didn't find the three matching gems. †4 During the game session, the hand-to-eye coordination is used. Most of the time, hands and eyeballs are the only part of the body that moves. They seldom stretch their hand, legs, and neck. Parts of the body that is not use become weak. DotA gamers expe rience lack of sleep because of playing. The gamers do not care of time during the session. His focus and attention are in the game only.They ignore other matter even emergency calls and text messages are ignored. Reply is given upon the end of the game session. These are reasons why parents and girlfriend/boyfriend, if there is any, get upset. Based on the observation of the researcher, gamers , particularly on weekend, start to play at nine in the morning and finish at about four the next morning, then get some rest and come back playing. They said, they only eat, take small amount of time to sleep, wake up, eat again, take a bath, then go to internet shop to resume his play. For students, they usually play after class hours.They are sometimes distracted by the thoughts of DotA while in the class. They are excited for class dismissal. They come home late and make their parents anxious. Some of these students are being fetched by their parent. Some act shy, on the other hand, some act tough and proud. In Internet shop, gamers are happy, and noisy. During the session, they shout and trash-talk each side even the watchers shout. Harsh and mean words are trash-talk like ‘weak’, ‘lousy’, ‘slow’, and ‘gay’. The competition each game is intense. Gamers who lose often get bullied and easily angered.Later, this bullied player, sometime, cause trouble and brawl. Losers feel sad, depression, and shame, and think for a new strategy to win the next game. They gain rivals to overcome, putting more time for practice game to improve tactics. On the other hand, winners celebrate, feels fun, and gain challengers. Some gamers quit, but there are new players who replace them. The reasons of new players are curiosity towards the game, seek of fun, peer pressure, and friendship. People find ways to eradicate pressure and boredom. One of it is playing DotA.The game DotA has effects depends on the physical and mental capacity of t he gamer. Weak-willed mind and poor health are more susceptible to game addiction and negative changes in their personality and body. Playing the game reduces time for socialization and study. Game players must learn how to control their selves to refuse from overuse of time and money for playing. Parents must watch their kids. It is hard to forbid kids from playing video game. This action can cause the kids to rebel. So, give them outdoor activity like sports to balance their mind and body. Definition of termsBugs are small insect. Bugs, in computer program, is an error, flaws, or mistake in a computer program that produces an incorrect or unexpected result, or causes it to behave in unintended ways. Farming ,in agriculture, it is an activity of growing crops and raising livestock. Farming, in DotA, is an act of collecting gold. figurehead is a person given a position of nominal leadership but having no actual authority. Glitch is a minor malfunction, or technical problem. Godlike means resembling or having the qualities of God or a god. In DotA, it is a call for having nine consecutive player kills.Imba is an abbreviation for â€Å"imbalanced†. Imba can be applied to a subject in gaming (Weapon, army, race, role or job) which can be either too strong (Overpowered, or OP) or too weak (Underpowered, or UP). Insomnia is a specific kind of sleep disorder in which the patient is not able to get into sleep or the patient is not able to remain asleep for an adequate period of time Jerk is a single quick motion of short duration. Micro is a word comes from the Greek word micros meaning small. Micro (microing),in DotA, is an act of last hitting creeps.Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings. Parasomnia, from the Latin meaning â€Å"around sleep,† is a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal sleep behaviors. Parasomnias involve unconscious complex, semi-purposeful, and goal-directed behaviors that have meaning or importance to the individual. These can include night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep eating, sleep sex, rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder, or any number of potential behaviors that occur while the person remains asleep. re-gamers means a potential game player that is not yet a game player. Respawn Also known as spawn, respawn is a gaming term used to describe the action of a computer player or human player coming back to life after being killed. Restless leg syndrome (Nocturnal myoclonus) is a disorder in which there is an urge or need to move the legs to stop unpleasant sensations. Screw is a metal fastener having a tapered shank with a helical thread, and topped with a slotted head, driven in to wood or the like by rotating, especially by means of a screwdriver.Screw means to mess something up, turn things for the worse. Sleep apnea is the temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, often resulting in daytime sleepiness. Apnea is a Greek wo rd that means â€Å"want of breath. † Spatial memory is the part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation. Trash-talk is a form of boast or insult commonly heard in competitive situations. Visuospatial is pertaining to perception of the spatial relationships among objects within the field of vision.